The ships proceeded in radio silence. It was the first American air operation to strike the Japanese archipelago. Although the raid caused comparatively minor damage, it demonstrated that the Japanese mainland was vulnerable to American air attacks. The attack aimed to lift Allied spirits and incite fear in the Japanese population in retribution for the recent Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The range of the Mitchell was about 1,300 miles, so the bombers had to be modified to hold nearly twice the normal fuel reserves. Without Doolittle's knowledge and in violation of his orders, both carburetors on York's plane had been replaced by depot workers in Sacramento. On April 18, 1942, 16 American B-25 bombers, launched from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet 650 miles east of Japan and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel For the later air raid sometimes known as Great Tokyo Air Raid, see, The first bombing mission by B-25s preceded the Doolittle Raid by only 12 days. WebAir B-21 Raider The Doolittle Raid, the Raiders and Their Legacy The Doolittle Raid: Inspired, Audacious, and Unexpected The weeks following the devastating attack on U.S. Three raiders were executed by the Japanese and one died in captivity; the remaining four remained prisoners of war until the conclusion of hostilities. Doolittle (center) with members of his crew and Chinese officials following their bail-out near Quzhou, China. The Naval History and Heritage Command has digitized excerpts from ship deck logs pertaining to the events of 18 April 1942: Also available: Nashville World War II War Diaries, 18 April 1942 excerpt [PDF, 4.8 MB]. Installation of a 160-gallon collapsible neoprene auxiliary fuel tank, fixed to the top of the bomb bay, and installation of support mounts for additional fuel cells in the bomb bay, crawlway, and lower turret area, to increase fuel capacity from 646 to 1,141. The attack aimed to lift Allied spirits and incite fear in Lieutenant Henry L. Miller, a U.S. Navy flight instructor from nearby Naval Air Station Pensacola, supervised their takeoff training and accompanied the crews to the launch. The Doolittle Raid, U.S. Army Air Force special order #1 of World War II, was a daring one-way mission of 16 B-25 Mitchell medium bombers with 80 aircrew, commanded by Colonel Doolittle, to carry out America's first offensive attack on Japan. WebThe Doolittle Raid was a U.S. air raid during World War II that targeted major cities in Japan. Records of the United States Army, Army-AG. The attack planners decided upon a carrier transporting the B-25s to a point east of Tokyo, whereupon she would launch one pathfinder to proceed ahead and drop incendiaries to blaze a trail for the other bombers that would follow. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 16, died at a nursing home in Nashville, Tennessee, at the age of 95 on 29 March 2015. Records of the United States Army, Army Air Forces. NH-97502. [15] China's Chiang Kai-shek agreed to the landing sites in China despite the concern of Japanese reprisals. The 2001 film Pearl Harbor (with Alec Baldwin playing Doolittle) presented a heavily fictionalized version of the raid. In his honor at the funeral, there was also a flyover of Miss Mitchell, a lone B-25 Mitchell, and USAF Eighth Air Force bombers from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. After a brief graveside service, fellow Doolittle Raider Bill Bower began the final tribute on the bugle. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 crews who had reached China eventually achieved safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. [46] DeShazer graduated from Seattle Pacific University in 1948 and returned to Japan as a missionary, where he served for over 30 years.[47]. In Tokyo, the targets included an oil tank farm, a steel mill, and several power plants. NH-53426. Taking a little over an hour to launch, Doolittles B-25s, carrying high explosive and incendiary bombs, flew on and hit targets in Tokyo, Yokosuka, Yokohama, Kobe, and Nagoya, against negligible opposition. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A special unit of 16 B-25 Mitchell bombers, far larger than naval aircraft, was trained under Col. James Doolittle to take off from the carrier USS Hornet and drop their bombs on Japan and then fly on to land in an area of China controlled by the pro-Allied Nationalists. On 21 April 1992, in conjunction with other Department of Defense World War II 50th-Anniversary Commemorative Events, two B-25 Mitchell bombers, B-25J Heavenly Body and B-25J In The Mood, were hoisted aboard USSRanger. The unexpected employment of long-range U.S. Army bombers, however, took the Japanese by surprise. Doolittle also considered the Martin B-26 Marauder, Douglas B-18 Bolo, and Douglas B-23 Dragon,[11] but the B-26 had questionable takeoff characteristics from a carrier deck and the B-23's wingspan was nearly 50-percent greater than the B-25's, reducing the number that could be taken aboard a carrier and posing risks to the ship's superstructure. Damage to Japanese military and industrial targets was slight, but the raid had major psychological effects. In Japan, it raised fear and doubt about the ability of military leaders to defend the home islands, but the bombing and strafing of civilians created a desire for retributionthis was exploited for propaganda purposes. The Japanese army, hitherto reluctant about the enterprise, went along with the navys plan. [65][66] Nagumo and his staff on Akagi heard that an American force was near Japan but expected an attack on the next day. [14] Negotiations with the Soviet Union were fruitless for permission to land because it had signed a neutrality pact with Japan in April 1941. Emperor Hirohito is seen being told to go to a shelter during this scene. David J. Thatcher, gunner of aircraft No. This page was last edited on 22 June 2023, at 06:55. Record Group 18. The Doolittle Raiders April 18, 2020 marks the 78th anniversary of the Doolittle Raid, in which Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, U.S. Army Air Forces, and Vice Adm. William F. Halsey Jr., U.S. Navy, led a joint bombing operation on the Japanese mainland aimed to inflict both material and psychological damage upon the enemy following the [4] The raid also pushed forward Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's plans to attack Midway Island in the Central Pacifican attack that turned into a decisive defeat of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) by the US Navy in the Battle of Midway. Footage from the film was later used for the opening scenes of Midway and in the TV miniseries War and Remembrance. Doolittle's first report on the plan suggested that the bombers might land in Vladivostok, shortening the flight by 600 nautical miles (1,100km) on the basis of turning over the B-25s as Lend-Lease. [note 10] Nine crew members served in the European Theater of Operations; one was killed in action, and one, David M. "Davy" Jones, was shot down and became a POW in Stalag Luft III at Sagan, where he played a part in The Great Escape. Franklin D. Roosevelt demanded that the U.S. military find a way to strike back directly at Japan. RG24 Deck logs. The surviving captured airmen remained in military confinement on a starvation diet, their health rapidly deteriorating. [60] Eight primary and five secondary targets were struck. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces. The Doolittle Raid: Americas First Strike Back on Japan Every Doolittle Raider was also decorated by the Chinese government. Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle : You know what top secret is?" Research disclosed the North American B-25Mitchellto be best suited to the purpose, the Martin B-26Marauderpossessing unsuitable handling characteristics and the Douglas B-23Dragonhaving too great a wingspan to be comfortably operated from a carrier deck. The most extensive display of Doolittle Raid memorabilia is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) in Dayton, Ohio. USAAF aircrew load .50-caliber ammunition boxes. Meanwhile, the First Air Fleet, returning from the Indian Ocean, formed around carriersAkagi,Soryu, andHiryu, on 18 April 1942 in the Bashi Channel, south of Formosa, received orders to engage the Americans. It occurred on April 18, 1942. They agreed upon a launch point some 600 miles due east from Tokyo, but, if discovered, Task Force 16 (TF-16) would launch planes at that point and retire. Lacking radar, the Japanese early warning capability lay in parallel lines of picket boatsradio-equipped converted fishing trawlersoperating at prescribed intervals offshore. After Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S Pres. The submarine's mission is to enter Tokyo Bay undetected and place a landing party ashore to obtain weather information vital to the upcoming Doolittle raid. The Second Fleet, its main striking force, was near Formosa, returning from the Indian Ocean Raid to refit and replace its air losses. The aircraft to be used would need a cruising range of 2,400 nautical miles (4,400km) with a 2,000-pound (910kg) bomb load, so Doolittle selected the B-25B Mitchell to carry out the mission. The carburetors of the B-25s had been carefully adjusted and bench-marked at Eglin Field for maximum fuel efficiency in low level flight. [74] In 2013, the remaining Raiders decided to hold their last public reunion at Fort Walton Beach, Florida, not far from Eglin Air Force Base, where they trained for the original mission. [18], The 17th BG, then flying antisubmarine patrols from Pendleton, Oregon, was immediately moved cross-country to Columbia Army Air Base at West Columbia, South Carolina, ostensibly to fly similar patrols off the East Coast of the United States, but in actuality to prepare for the mission against Japan. Hornet at Alameda, California, the same town where The 17th Bomb Group, from which the Doolittle Raiders had been recruited, received replacement crews and transferred to Barksdale Army Air Field in June 1942, where it converted to Martin B-26 Marauder medium bombers. Was the Doolittle Raid successful? | Britannica The bomber, which North American Aviation presented to the Raiders in 1958, rests on a reproduction of Hornet's flight deck. Father Dunker wrote of the destruction of the town of Ihwang: "They shot any man, woman, child, cow, hog, or just about anything that moved, They raped any woman from the ages of 1065, and before burning the town they thoroughly looted it None of the humans shot were buried either"[2] The Japanese entered Nancheng (Jiangxi), population 50,000 on June 11, "beginning a reign of terror so horrendous that missionaries would later dub it 'the Rape of Nancheng.' In Yokosuka, at least one bomb from the B-25 piloted by 1st Lt. Edgar E. McElroy struck the nearly completed light carrier Ryh,[35] delaying her launch until November. NARA, College Park, MD. Japanese officials reported the two aircraft whose crews were captured had struck their targets. M1013. From nearby Fort Snelling, the 710th Military Police Battalion provided tight security around this hangar. That is the famous Doolittle Raid of April 18, 1942. The Doolittle Raid was revenge for Pearl Harbor: On the April 18, 1942, sixteen B-25B Mitchell medium bombers, each with a crew of five, were launched from the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) and began a mission meant to avenge Pearl Harbor. The Doolittle Raiders | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans Both of their remains were recovered after the war and were buried with military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery. "[2], When Japanese troops moved out of the Zhejiang and Jiangxi areas in mid-August, they left behind a trail of devastation. The Halsey-Doolittle Raid had temporarily put that section of the Japanese navys offshore warning network out of commission. [clarification needed] The people who helped them paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. Raid on Tokyo: Doolittle Report. The last B-25 to be retired from the U.S. Air Force inventory is displayed at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin AFB, also in the markings of Gen. Doolittle's aircraft.[87]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. What was the Doolittle Raid? | Britannica Surf Report World War II Doolittle's B-25 at launching, 18 April 1942 (April 15, 2022) As we approach mid-April 2022, there is only one combined U.S. Navy and American Army Air Corps exploit that even now elicits such great respect and gratefulness on both sides of the Pacific. The mission was the longest ever flown in combat by the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, averaging about 2,250 nautical miles (4,170km). Watchfootage of the event on NHHC's YouTube channel. Hornet and Task Force 18 got underway from San Francisco Bay at 08:48 on 2 April with the 16 bombers in clear view. Although the material damage inflicted by Doolittles raiders proved small and the early-warning line would be restored by an infusion of vessels to replace the ones lost, the effect of the air raid on the Japanese capital itself was enormous. [12] The B-25 had yet to see combat,[note 1][13] but tests indicated that it could fulfill the mission's requirements. Although Halsey had agreed to take TF-16 within 400 miles of Japan to ensure maximum success, as Doolittle had requested while en route, the admiral recognized the potential threat of Japanese land-based air assets (indeed 80 medium bombers had been massed in the Kanto area) to half of the U.S. Navys carrier force in the Pacific. In April 1943, they were moved to Nanjing, where Meder died on 1 December 1943. James H. Doolittle It was one of six American carrier raids against Japan and Japanese-held territories conducted in the first half of 1942 as part of the undertaken strategy. April 18, 2020 marks the 78th anniversary of the Doolittle Raid, in which Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, U.S. Army Air Forces, and Vice Adm. William F. Halsey Jr., U.S. Barr had been near death when liberated and remained behind in China recuperating until October, by which time he had begun to experience severe emotional problems. The film's portrayal of the planning of the raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is not historically accurate.[99][100]. [note 5] The chief petty officer who captained the boat killed himself rather than be captured, but five of the 11 crew were picked up by Nashville. NH-53287. Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, 81 Years Later The bold mission entailed flying long-range B-25s from the deck of the USS Hornet. The Japanese, monitoring U.S. Navy radio traffic, deduced that a carrier raid on the homeland was a possibility after 14 April 1942 and prepared accordingly. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 23 Nitt Maru, a 70-ton patrol craft, which radioed an attack warning to Japan. York and his crew, who landed in the Soviet Union. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1950. The change was not discovered until the raiders were at sea, and the extra flying distance caused by the premature launch meant that the B-25 had no chance of reaching the Chinese coast. Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle attaches a Japanese medal to a bomb. NARA, College Park, MD. [41][42][43] In addition, seven crew members (including all five members of Lawson's crew) received injuries serious enough to require medical treatment. [35] Although none of the B-25 pilots, including Doolittle, had ever taken off from a carrier before, all 16 aircraft launched safely between 08:20 and 09:19, though Doolittle's bomber was witnessed to have almost hit the water before pulling up at the last second. One B-25s ordnance damaged the aircraft carrierRyuho(being converted from the submarine depot shipTaigei) at Yokosuka and thus delayed her completion. [note 11] Indeed, the raid was a shock to staff at Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. It occurred on April 18, 1942. Record Group 18. After the raid, the Japanese Imperial Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign (also known as Operation Sei-go) to prevent these eastern coastal provinces of China from being used again for an attack on Japan and to take revenge on the Chinese people. The next day (19 April),No.21 Nanshin Maru, previously damaged by Enterpriseplanes, was scuttled by gunfire of the light cruiserKiso;No.1 Iwate Marusank as the result of damage inflicted byEnterpriseplanes on the day before. Annapolis, MD/Washington, DC: Naval Institute Press/Naval Historical Center, 1999. 1209, to award the Doolittle Raiders a Congressional Gold Medal for "outstanding heroism, valor, skill, and service to the United States in conducting the bombings of Tokyo. Lieutenant Henry L. Miller, USN, oversaw the carrier take-off practice at Eglin Field, Florida, work that elicited praise from Doolittle for Millers tact, skill and devotion to duty. With everything not deemed essential stripped from the planes,Hornetloaded 16 B-25s (all that could be shipped) on board at Alameda (31 March1 April 1942) and sailed to rendezvous with the carrierEnterprise(CV-6) to form part of Halseys TF-16. Last of Doolittle Raiders Memorialized Hornet at Alameda, California, the same town where James Doolittle was born in 1896. 1, was the last surviving Doolittle Raider[84] and the only one to live to an older age than Doolittle, who died in 1993 at age 96. Hornet arrives at Pearl Harbor on 30 April after launching the raid. On 19 February, the group was detached from the Eighth Air Force and officially assigned to III Bomber Command.[19]. Doolittle and his crew, after parachuting into China, received assistance from Chinese soldiers and civilians, as well as John Birch, an American missionary in China. The crews of two aircraft (10 men in total) were unaccounted for: those of 1st Lt. Dean E. Hallmark (sixth off) and 1st Lt. William G. Farrow (last off). NARA, College Park, MD. However, Soviet reluctance to allow the use of Vladivostok as a terminus and the Stalin regimes unwillingness to provoke Japan compelled the selection of Chinese landing sites. The 17th not only was the first medium bomb group of the Army Air Corps, but in early 1942, also had the most experienced B-25 crews. York after emergency landing in the Soviet Union, In order of launching, the 16 aircraft were:[21], On 1 April 1942, the 16 modified bombers, their five-man crews, and Army maintenance personnel, totaling 71 officers and 130 enlisted men,[note 4][20][26] were loaded onto Hornet at Naval Air Station Alameda in California. Material damage was to be the destruction of specific targets with ensuing confusion and retardation of production. The Doolittle Raid, also known as Doolittle's Raid, as well as the Tokyo Raid, was an air raid on 18 April 1942 by the United States on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu during World War II. Record Group 407. On 6 April 1942, six Mitchells bombed, 1st Lt. Richard Joyce was to have flown this aircraft back to the mainland with Navy Lieut. Many books have been written about the Doolittle Raid: A highly fictionalized film in 1943, Destination Tokyo starring Cary Grant, tangentially involved the raid, concentrating on the fictional submarine USSCopperfin. Several fields in Zhejiang province were supposed to be ready to guide them in using homing beacons, then recover and refuel them for continuing on to Chongqing, the wartime Kuomintang capital. [21], Doolittle stated in his after-action report that the crews reached a "safely operational" level of training, despite several days when flying was not possible because of rain and fog. He legally changed his name to York in early 1942 before the raid. [5][6] A cover story was concocted that York had bribed a smuggler to assist them in escaping from Soviet custody. Jones, pilot of plane 5, flew missions in both the CBI and the Mediterranean, and was one of the four POWs. [62] Sir Robert Craigie, GCMG, the interned British Ambassador to Japan who was under house arrest in Tokyo at the time, said that Japanese staff had been amused at the embassy's air raid precautions as the idea of an attack on Tokyo was "laughable" with the Allies in retreat, but the guards now showed "considerable excitement and perturbation." Because the Soviet Union was not officially at war with Japan, it was required, under international law, to intern the crew during the war, and their B-25 was confiscated. Doolittle Raid [clarification needed] Eight Raiders were captured, but their fate was not fully known until 1946. [85] Cole died 9 April 2019, at the age of 103.[86]. Collected documents on Doolittle Raid. They arrived two days later at the Sacramento Air Depot for inspection and final modifications. Two survivors were separated from the USAAF in 1944 due to the severity of their injuries.[5]. 78th anniversary of the Doolittle Raid > Air Force > Article Display Jacob DeShazer. WebHome / The War / The Doolittle Raiders Article The Doolittle Raiders WWII leadership lessons from the Museums Institute for the Study of War and Democracy. NARA, College Park, MD. [34], Doolittle and Hornet skipper Captain Marc Mitscher decided to launch the B-25s immediately10 hours early and 170 nautical miles (310km; 200mi) farther from Japan than planned. [2] The Japanese killed an estimated 10,000 Chinese civilians during their search for Doolittle's men. Of the 16 planes and 80 airmen who participated in the raid, all either crash-landed, were ditched, or crashed after their crews bailed out, with the single exception of Capt. Admiral Yamamoto Isorokus fear of a U.S. carrier strike against the homeland, deemed unreasonable by the Naval General Staff, had occurred unimpeded. An unusual consequence of the raid came after whenin the interests of secrecyPresident Roosevelt answered a reporter's question by saying that the raid had been launched from "Shangri-La",[71][72] the fictional faraway land of the James Hilton novel Lost Horizon. [36], The aircraft began arriving over Japan about noon Tokyo time, six hours after launch, climbed to 1,500 feet (460m) and bombed 10 military and industrial targets in Tokyo, two in Yokohama, and one each in Yokosuka, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka. Doolittle Raid summary - Encyclopedia Britannica Each Raider's name was engraved on his goblet both right side up and upside down. [73] The Navy, in 1944, commissioned the Essex-class aircraft carrier USSShangri-La, with Doolittle's wife Josephine as the sponsor. WebDoolittle Raid, Surprise attack on Tokyo by U.S. bombers in 1942 during World War II. Doolittle was survived by his two Doolittle was educated at Miller as his copilot. The Halsey-Doolittle Raid dissolved the residual doubts harbored within the Naval General Staff whether or not a thrust against the important U.S. advanced naval base at Midway, an important element in Yamamotos plan to draw out the hitherto unengaged U.S. carriers, should be attempted. Several months later, they were relocated to Ashgabat (Ashkhabad), in what was then the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, 20 miles (32km) from the Soviet-Iranian border. 7, died on 22 June 2016 in Missoula, Montana, at the age of 94. View additional photos related to the raid. Spatz was buried with military honors at National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. Final Reports of United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Download an infographic summarizing aspects of the raid. Corrections? GuardboatsNo.23 Nitto Maru(which had transmitted the initial contact report) andNagato Maru, also damaged by planes from Enterprise, were sunk by gunfire of the light cruiserNashville(CL-43). Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when the Empire of Japan had the U.S. on its backfoot, the Doolittle Raiders attacked Tokyo. The Tokyo Raid. VIDEO | 04:09 | Doolittle Raid -- Carrier Revealed as Base for Air Raid on Tokyo. Descendants of the Doolittle Raiders organize fundraisers for a scholarship fund and continue to organize the Doolittle Raiders reunions. That same day, in a series of actions often overlooked when compared to the B-25 raids, planes fromEnterpriseattacked Japanese picket boats encountered near TF-16, damaging the armed merchant cruiserAwata Maruand the guardboatsChokyu Maru,No.1 Iwate Maru,No.2 Asami Maru,Kaijin Maru,No.3 Chinyo Maru,Eikichi Maru,Kowa Maru, andNo.21 Nanshin Maru. The Doolittle Raiders held an annual reunion almost every year from the late 1940s to 2013. One B-25 landed intact at Vladivostok, where the Soviets interned it and its crew. [35] B-25 No. It served as an initial retaliation for the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, and provided an important boost to American morale. Lt Col. Richard E. Cole, Doolittle's copilot in aircraft No. [50] Altogether, 12 of the survivors died in air crashes within 15 months of the raid. Several false alarms followed, and in poorer districts people rushed into the streets shouting and gesticulating, losing their normal "iron control" over their emotions and showing a "tendency to panic". 1942 - Doolittle's Raid > Air Force Historical Support Division > Nashville (CL-43) firing her 6-inch/47-caliber main battery guns at a Japanese picket boat encountered by the task force on 18 April. All 80 Raiders were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, and those who were killed or wounded during the raid were awarded the Purple Heart. TF-16 approached to within 650 miles of Japan on 18 April 1942. Records of the United States Army, Army Air Forces. None would have reached China if not for a tail wind as they came off the target, which increased their ground speed by 25kn (46km/h; 29mph) for seven hours. [56], Chiang Kai-Shek awarded the raiders China's highest military decorations,[57] and predicted (in his diary) that Japan would alter its goals and strategy as a result of the disgrace. Gus Widhelm of Scouting Eight. NARA, College Park, MD. A 1944 film, The Purple Heart, was a highly fictionalized account of the torture and execution of Doolittle Raid prisoners. Despite the loss of these 15 aircraft, 69 airmen escaped capture or death, with only three killed in action. The video is based on The Amazing Story of Sergeant Jacob De Shazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned Missionary by C. Hoyt Watson. The incendiaries were long tubes, wrapped together to be carried in the bomb bay, but designed to separate and scatter over a wide area after release. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Col. james Doolittle, his Tokyo bombing crew and some Chinese friends are pictured in China after the U.S. Airmen bailed out following the Doolittle led air raid on Japan (Special photo) Spearheaded by five aircraft carriers and its best naval aircraft and aircrews, the Second Fleet was immediately ordered to locate and destroy the U.S. carrier force, but failed to do so, due to the American fleet choosing to head back to Hawaii (had they stayed after all, they would've found themselves attacked by the carriers Akagi, Sry and Hiry). Thirteen B-25s reached Chinese-held territory; among the crews of these aircraft, there were three fatalities from accidents during bail-outs or crash landings. NH-64472. Fifteen planes followed, each one skimming just above the waves and carrying a payload Each bomber launched with two .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns in an upper turret and a .30-caliber (7.62 mm) machine gun in the nose. He reported to Admiral Ernest J. The Japanese press claimed that nine had been shot down, but there were no pictures of crashed planes. President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in a meeting at the White House on 21 December 1941 and said that Japan should be bombed as soon as possible to boost public morale after Pearl Harbor.
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