The study also finds that the public is divided over how much influence the Bible should have on U.S. laws. The concept of conflict transformation and the methods Lederach outlined for conflict analysis have been widely received an applied, both in academia and mediation practice. 2007. Essays on the origins of religious conflicts and resolution approaches, ed. The question then arises if these negative effects from the political problem-oriented coping on the levels of emotions and meaning can be limited or even avoided if the legal measures adopted are widely accepted as being fair and balanced. These structures essentially consist of the following four basic elements: Semi-direct democracy, cantonal sovereignty, i.e., federalism, subsidiarity and the principle of concordance. In Friedens- und Konfliktforschung: Eine Einfhrung, ed. Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. But this act of eating the Kappeler milk soup has become asymbol for the Swiss way of peacefully handling religious conflicts for the benefit of all. Jaspal, Rusi. Only those instances that distinguish themselves as having fulfilled certain quality requirements should be called coping. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. As such it is part of arange of religious rituals and structures that are meant to convey identity and affiliation and to give guidance and orientation. Of particular importance for the understanding of social conflicts is the insight from intersectionality research that conflicts intensify when multiple breaking lines run in parallel. Archiv fr Reformationsgeschichte 96:117144. Rasmussen, Lissi. Ideen, Identitten und Institutionen: Explikation eines multidimensionalen Religionsbegriffs in der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Acontext-sensitive analysis of conflicts with religious dimensions does well to differentiate precisely between the various conflict factors, dimensions of religion and forms of applied coping and to examine their interactions and interconnections. In a 2019 survey, 44% of Americans along with 45% of people across 34 nations said that belief in God is necessary to be moral and have good values. So what happens to a persons morality and values when they lose faith? 1098 Words. The coefficient of 4.7 indicates an increase in over four . Concepts do not define their object; they rather articulate an understanding, convey an interpretation[] enable adiscussion, on the basis of common terms and in the awareness of absences and exclusions (Bal 2002, p.23). Sign up for This Week in Religion. Half of black Protestants share this view. While a similar pattern emerged with the benevolence value, the difference between the religious dones and the consistently nonreligious was not statistically significant. The travel metaphor was first introduced into epistemic discourse by Edward Sad who spoke of travelling theories that wander through different disciplines and research fields (Sad 1983, 2000). Two-thirds of Democrats who say Christianitys influence is declining (65%) cite misconduct by religious leaders as a major cause, compared with 52% of Republicans who say this. In this sense, acentral achievement or function of the law lies in objectifying (religious) conflicts by breaking them down into conflicts of specific interests or rights. In twelve individual interdisciplinary projects, historical and contemporary conflicts with religious dimensions are carefully examined to generate substantive answers to the questions listed above. We are convinced that by integrating factual, emotional and rational-evaluative aspects, the concept of coping fosters adifferentiated analysis of the dynamics and development of conflicts with religious dimensions within the broader frame of the transformation paradigm.Footnote 6 For now, we would like to simply position the concept of coping in such general and abstract terms and allow the individual projects of our IRC and future similar projects to use this concept as an instrument of their analysis. Tbingen: Mohr. It was caused. About half of those who say Christianitys influence is declining cite more permissive attitudes about sex and sexuality in popular culture as a major cause, and four-in-ten say negative portrayals of Christianity in pop culture have played a key role. : Harvard University Press. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse229-DE.pdf. The Negative Spiral of Religious Intolerance, Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists. Coping with Religious and Cultural Homophobia: Emotion and Narratives of Identity Threat among British Muslim Gay Men. Which power structures are used to apply the strategies? Dies liegt daran, dass in solchen Konflikten starke emotionale, faktische und interpretatorische Aspekte miteinander verwoben sind. The consistently religious are more likely than the dones to endorse each moral foundation, and the religious dones are more likely to endorse them than the consistently nonreligious. In Conflict information consortium bolder. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Bulletin_2018_08_AU.pdf. Meaning-focused or appraisal-focused coping challenges ones own assumptions and aims at alleviating harm or suffering caused by the conflict by cognitive re-evaluation and interpretation of asituation.Footnote 5 (Fig. Bitter, Jean-Nicolas, and Angela Ullmann. Stephen J. You actually have no soul, you are your own soul. On the contrary, it took three centuries and at least four more religious wars to establish structures that enabled peaceful coexistence between Catholics and Protestants in the nineteenth century. One Muslim participant in our study noted that people think I must be a terrorist. Jews reported the second-highest level of religious threat. He also emphasizes the socializing and constructive effects of conflict, thus trying to free conflict from its purely negative image. Should A Prayer To God Follow A Certain Heart Or Should Your Intentions Only Matter? BREAKING FOX NEWS June 16, 2023 - Facebook This also leads to agreater role for problem-oriented and interpretation-focused coping than in individual psychology, where the focus is mostly on emotion-based coping. Religion and Conflict: A Quantitative Approach - ResearchGate The polythetic conceptualization of religion pursued here combines functional and substantial aspects and distinguishes three main dimensions of religion (Kaufmann 1989; Saler 2000; Basedau 2016): Religion addresses experiences and feelings of contingency (such as death, fate, illness, birth, sublimity, inevitability) and handles the way people feel and act through rituals and lifestyles. Accessed: 19 Mar 2021. But the issue is framed inappropriately when one focuses only on religion as apotential cause of conflict. Democrats also are more likely than Republicans to see Christianitys association with conservative politics as a major cause of its loss of influence. Werkner, Ines-Jacqueline (ed.). Based on this insight, astrong coping strategy would be to soften and cross such breaking lines (Frazer and Friedli 2015; Ullmann 2018), which can be done on emotional, factual and appraisal focused levels. New York: Norton. Most U.S. Christians perceive their religion as losing influence in America, and many go so far as to say that there is tension between their beliefs and the mainstream culture. Pollack, Detlef. In our study, those who experienced a religious upbringing and are currently experiencing religious conflict were most at risk of considering suicide. Konfliktforschung. Coping structures are formed, often over long periods of time, by interacting coping strategies of actors (individuals, groups, institutions)though only by those communities that have sufficient power and influence to shape society. Rethinking mediation: resolving religious conflicts. 2016. Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck. One should imagine the model as acube that allows one to enter the analysis at asuitable point and to explore the other dimensions from there. How do these coping strategies applied by actors involved in aconflictbe they religious or decidedly non-religiousinfluence the dynamics of aconflict? In the U.S., the most recent FBI data show religion to be the second most targeted social category in hate crimes for the third year in a row. Historically, the conflict was not sustainably resolved in this way. Our second project built on research showing that religion is inextricably linked with values, particularly Schwartzs Circle of Values, the predominant model of universal values used by Western psychologists. 2015. By introducing coping as anew concept into conflict research, we aim to provide an analytical instrument for further inter- and transdisciplinary investigation. 2012b. Do these varied dimensions of religion play arole in distinguishing different types of conflicts, such as areligious identity conflict or areligious issue conflict (Svensson and Nilsson 2018)? Religion is the most prominent sense of community. PDF Religious conflicts in Nigeria and their impacts on social life The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society These are further questions that need to be discussed in adialogue between academia and social stakeholders. 1988. Religious and spiritual struggles - American Psychological Association Zrich: Center for Security Studies (CSS): ETH. One major element conjoining these individual research projects is the shared conviction that the concept of coping can shed new light and lead to new and more constructive perspectives on these issues. Perhaps the most famous is the eating of the Kappeler milk soup. Stress, coping, and development: an integrative perspective. And at the same time, it must be precise enough to be able to clearly exclude what does not come into view under the lens of the respective concept. 2008. They are accompanied by the meaning-focused rhetoric of anational (or federal) identity that transcends the confessional boundaries and is the basis of concordance and peaceful coexistence. Farnham: Ashgate. The Social and Economic Impact of Religious Intolerance The participants were adolescents in the first wave of the survey, and in their mid-to-late 20s in the final wave. To illustrate this, lets take alook at Swiss history. 4). 1996. In Religion and conflict. The terms meaning-focused and appraisal-focused coping are used synonymously. 2018. Our findings revealed another stairstep pattern: The consistently religious among these young adults were significantly more likely than religious dones to support the social focus values of security, conformity and tradition; and religious dones were significantly more likely to support them than the consistently nonreligious. However, one can observe different scopes and intensities of intentionality of coping, and it is worthwhile to distinguish between them when adapting the coping concept to social conflicts. All Rights Reserved | Tourable Child Themeby, Actos cuaresmales torno santa teresa jesus, Convocado concurso escolar quien santa teresa ti, Religion is the most prominent sense of community, A Foundation for Community, Belief and Meaning, Nurturing a Thriving Community of Believers on TikTok, The Relationship between Religion and Society, How Various Religions Pray For Daily Protection Against Evil and Temptation, Exploring How The Religious Sector Harnesses the Power of Office Applications for Work, How Religion and Business Outsourcing Can Come Together. Bal states that concepts, on the other hand, are the tools of intersubjectivity, because they offer miniature theories, and in that guise, help in the analysis of objects, situations, states and other theories (Bal 2002, p.22). Will Islam Surpass Christianity as the Largest Religion on a Global Scale? 3)? The little book of conflict transformation. Just one-in-ten religious nones take these positions. The survey also shows that a larger share of Republicans than Democrats see Christianitys loss of influence as a temporary development. Seeing other people treated negatively, or simply knowing about negative stereotypes or social attitudes directed at ingroup members, can be enough to cause anxiety and distraction and lead people to avoid situations where stereotypes or prejudice are likely to be in play. This article presents conceptual results from the Interfaculty Research Cooperation Religious Conflicts and Coping Strategies at the University of Bern. volume5,pages 371390 (2021)Cite this article. Risques et chances de sa diversit. Although hiding an important aspect of yourself can protect against personal experiences of prejudice or discrimination, it can be stressful and prevent people from forming trusting relationships with others outside their group. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1989; Zeidner and Endler 1996): Emotion-focused coping is directed towards ones own feelings. And the oldest Americans (ages 65 and older) are more inclined than younger adults to believe that Christianitys decline will prove to be a blip rather than a lasting change. Die religis-weltanschauliche Neutralitt des Strafrechts. (Fig. Pfister, Ulrich. This makes coping ahelpful concept especially for conflicts with religious dimensions. New York: Berghahn Books. If everything isin asenseconstruction, transformation or image, then these concepts lose their heuristically important function and dissolve into petty metaphors. Krech, Volkhard. ber die Formen der Vergesellschaftung = Simmel, Georg. The psychological definition of coping does not imply that the coping efforts have to be successful overall to be considered coping. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Zeitschrift fr Religion, Gesellschaft und Politik, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-021-00064-2, https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/321562/PP6-1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/mehrsprachig/documents/publications/Politorbis/politorbis-52_EN.pdf, https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse229-DE.pdf, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/transformation, https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Bulletin_2018_08_AU.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Half of those who say Christianitys influence is growing see the Trump administration giving Christians more influence as a major cause of the change (51%), and a similar share cite Christians efforts to push back against secular trends in society (47%). PDF The Role of Religion in Today's Conflict - United Nations Alliance of Z Religion Ges Polit 5, 371390 (2021). Finally, different historical and present cases of coping with religious conflicts can be compared and evaluated regarding the different outcomes. Christian Nnlist, Oliver Thrnert, 93116. What impact can religious intolerance have on societies (e.g. 2018. Emotion and adaptation. Thus, the mere fact of coping is an indicator of conflict. Types of coping as described in psychology. In other words, coping becomes atravelling concept. Does the acting group define itself as religious? [2] The time is ripe for. According to Pew, in 2018 more than a quarter of the world's countries experienced a high incidence of hostilities motivated by religious hatred, mob violence related to religion, terrorism, and harassment of women for violating religious codes. Participants who reported more religious threat were also more likely to hide their religion from others at work or school. We have described them as aprerequisite for the development of coping strategies for todays conflicts. Your sense of community arises through mutual experiences with others. To ensure that the term does not diffuse into amere metaphor meaning simply react to, but remains ameaningful analytical category, the goal of stress reduction must be identifiable whether by conflict actors themselves or researchers from the evidence of data or sources. Beyond Intractability. Long conflict and how it ends: Protestants and Catholics in Europe and Etablierte Konfliktlsungsstrategien kommen daher bei Konflikten mit religisen Dimensionen hufig an ihre Grenzen. The Ingraham Angle 6/16/23 HD | FOX BREAKING NEWS June 16, 2023 | Fox News, The Ingraham Angle Psychological stress and the coping process. By Eric Brahm November 2005 At the dawn of the twenty-first century, a casual glance at world affairs would suggest that religion is at the core of much of the strife around the globe. U.S. adults are about evenly divided between those who see the decline of Christianity's influence as permanent and those who see it as potentially fleeting: 27% of U.S. adults say Christianity's influence is decreasing and that this is a permanent change, while 24% say Christianity's influence is waning but that this is a temporary development . In Religion, gender and sexuality in everyday life, ed. Thatcher, Adrian. Religion, Conflict, and Peace Initiative - Harvard University 2014. Conceptualizing religion: immanent anthropologists, transcendent natives, and unbounded categories. In contrast to individual contexts, in social and political conflicts the various forms and acts of coping as well as the success of that coping must be described in amulti-perspective way with regard to many different actors, their intentions and power. Our research also suggests that the religious residue effect can decay. Es zielt nicht darauf ab, einen Konflikt zu lsen, der vielleicht nicht lsbar ist, sondern nach Wegen zu suchen, Konflikte mit religisen Dimensionen zu gestalten und zu bewltigen. Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(5):11271148. Moreover, donors appear to remain unclear on how to address globalized religion and to counteract divisive global trends (e.g. From the perspective of members of the religion, the legal debate on whether circumcision can be identified as an (illegal) form of bodily harm completely misses the point; it is aritual that forms identities and provides important narratives, images and values. Zrich: Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH. Reading about sex in the bible: coping with ambiguities. Simon J.A. They do so individually according to their own experience and feelings; here we refer to coping styles. The long-run effects of religious persecution: Evidence from the - PNAS Katharina Heyden. According to Bal, conceptssuch as image, framing, performativity, tradition, space and bodyare less complex and more flexible than elaborated theories, which can hardly be transferred to other disciplinesindeed, they wander into other disciplines and sometimes only leave little trace or get completely reformulated according to the individual needs of the discipline they have entered. What effects can be observed on the other two levels? It takes conflict participants not as objects, but as acting subjects who, in their interaction, essentially shape the dynamics of aconflict. https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/321562/PP6-1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. And white respondents are more likely than those who are black or Hispanic to perceive a conflict between their own beliefs and the broader culture (46% of white respondents vs. 33% each for black and Hispanic respondents). To what extent does religion play arole in the strategy applied? The question of how the success or failure of coping strategies can be measured is more difficult to answer in social conflicts than in individual cases. Social Science and Medicine 45(8):12071221. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. In the past hundred years, religion has been constantly under fire. In addition, just one-in-five U.S. Christians, including a third of white evangelical Protestants, see themselves as members of a minority group because of their religious beliefs. In fact, over half of our Muslim participants reported that it was somewhat true to very true that they felt targeted because of their religion. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Probleme der Definition von Religion. In The Ashgate research companion to religion and conflict resolution, ed. [Explore the intersection of faith, politics, arts and culture. In Religion in der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, ed. Can astudy of several coping strategies facilitate an answer to the question of what coping strategy can be recommended (or not) for acurrent conflict situation in order to ensure peaceful conflict-management (including coexistence, cooperation and competition)? For mediators of conflicts involving religionbe it conflicts between religious groups or conflicts over religious issuesthe most promising approach is not to make strong convictions and values the subject of negotiations because those are perceived as not negotiable, but rather to seek pragmatic goals shared by all conflict partners (Bitter 2011; Rasmussen 2011; Frazer 2013; Frazer and Friedli 2015; Ullmann 2018). Religion and extremism: rejecting diversity. Keeping a secret is not usually a problem. Conflict over religion has been around for millennia and shows no sign of easing. Daher erweist sich Coping im Sinn eines travelling concept als besonders fruchtbar fr die interdisziplinre Erforschung von Konflikten mit religisen Dimensionen. A society can make it through for many years, except if it is bombarded from the inside or outside by unpredictable causes. This finding may reflect the feeling often-reported by highly religious Christians in the U.S. that religion itself is under attack. Second, distinguishing coping at different levelsemotional, factual, intellectualallows aholistic approach to conflict that integrates different anthropological aspects and thus opens up new scope for action in conflict situations. The same share cite negative actions by Christians and religious leaders as contributing to pushing people away from Christianity (6%). And can history tell us at all? New York: Guilford. There are twice as many Americans ages 65 and older who want the Bible to have an influence on the laws of the land as there are among adults under 30 (64% vs. 30%). In this paper, we will elaborate on this concept, by transferring it to the study of conflicts involving religion (Chap. Es frdert eine kontextsensible und differenzierte Analyse der Dynamik von Konflikten und kann daher zu einer Weiterentwicklung des Ansatzes der Konflikttransformation beitragen. Then the question arises: Is the concept of coping flexible and at the same time precise enough to help us understand the dynamics of conflicts with religious dimensions better? The opposite is the case: Religiousor even secularconvictions and values can themselves become roots or triggers of conflicts. It aims at changing the emotional relationship with astressful conflict situation (or stressor) that cannot be resolved or changed (Folkman 1997; Pargament 2007). Dr. Pasek studies intergroup relations, with a dual emphasis on how (1) religious group membership and religious beliefs affect the ability for people from diverse backgrounds to peacefully coexist and how (2) targeted interventions can improve psychological well-being and intergroup relations. But since the term meaning-focused is more descriptive, it is better suited for conflict analysis and is therefore preferred here. Recently, however, there has been an increase in voices emphasizing that this approach to transformation also reaches its limits in conflicts with religious dimensions. In fact, worldwide, religious-based conflict is on the rise. "Over the past 100,000 years, no group of people anywhere on earth have been found that did not . Religion as a Macro Social Force Affecting Business: Concepts It fosters acontext-sensitive and differentiated analysis of the dynamics of religious conflicts and may therefore contribute to develop the approach of conflict transformation.
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