Lydia did not have good memories of boarding school. WebHer throne was taken during an 1893 coup orchestrated by United States businessmen and politicians who had sugar interests and the support of the U.S. military. From Michelin-starred menus to gilded historic sites, these restaurants are worth a visitwhether or not youre a tourist. [7], June 17, 1898 official protest from Queen Liliuokalani in Washington, DC.[16]. She was the first queen and last of Hawaii. WebLiliuokalani's statement yielding authority, on January 17, 1893, protested the overthrow: I Liliuokalani, by the Grace of God and under the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The complicated history of surfing [2][3], Following the sugar crash, in 1893 the reigning Queen Lili'uokalani proposed a new constitution to replace the 1887 one. Liliuokalani Kapaemahu, the Native Hawaiian story of four legendary mahu healers Liliuokalani, the last sovereign of the Kamehameha dynasty that ruled the Hawaiian kingdom, ca. You can copy, modify, and distribute this work without contacting the Smithsonian. It defined and protected Hawaiian trails and endures as a tool that the state of Hawaii uses to claim public trails and maintain rights of access despite private land ownership, including much of the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail.2, Liliuokalani was born on September 2, 1838 to High Chief and Chiefess Caesar Kapaakea and Analea Keohoklole, and named Lydia Liliu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaeha.3 Her mother was an advisor to Kamehameha III, the king who in 1840 promulgated the first written constitution to the Hawaiian people. How did Queen Liliuokalani keep Hawaiian history and culture alive? New-York Historical Society. If adopted, the new constitution would revoke many of the foreigners' powers, and put the queen back in control of the Kingdom. Curated by Rion Nakaya, first launched with her teens when they toddled. On the Hawaiian Islands, a group of American sugar planters under Sanford Ballard Dole overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, the Hawaiian monarch, and establish a new provincial government with Dole as president. The historic 1913 womens suffrage march on Washington D.C. In January 1893, a revolutionary Committee of Security organized by Sanford B. Dole, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with tacit support from the United States. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In 1887, they forced King Kalkaua to adopt a legal agreement that limited the powers of the king and his government. The troops had landed the day before, providing support to protect American lives and property. In 1898, Pres. Two Not only did they want the islands, they wanted their naval base. How to paint water droplets, a 2-minute watercolor tutorial, A Hole in the Bucket, performed by Odetta and Harry Belafonte, Matiate, the hidden underground city beneath Midyat, Turkey, Pride: The Story of Harvey Milk and the Rainbow Flag, How to make quill pens from bird feathers, The Little Poet imagines life in a painting, an animated short. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Overthrow The story of the last ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, who fought for her people during the American takeover of her country. Gertrude Kasebier (photographer), Zitkala Sa, Sioux Indian and activist, c. 1898. In 1887, these men forced the then reigning king, Kalkaua, to sign the so-called Bayonet Constitution, which stripped him of much of his power, in turn creating a constitutional monarchy. What is Magna Carta? June 7, 1999. WebWithin days of the Queens announcement, the Americans led a coup to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and the Hawaiian government. Orange skies are the future. . WebQueen Liluokalani (1838-1917), ruled as the Kingdom of Hawaiis last sovereign from 1891 until the overthrow of the kingdom on January 17, 1893. The story of Turtle, one of the world's first submersibles. In 1895, Queen Lili'uokalani, who had moved from Iolani Palace to her personal residence. Queen Liliuokalani never regained her throne. Discovering time-honored traditions in Texas, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Therefore I, Liliuokalani of Hawaii, do hereby call upon the President of that nation, to whom alone I yielded my property and my authority, to withdraw said treaty (ceding said Islands) from further consideration. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". A new studyinvolving a mannequin wearing wigs in a wind tunnelreveals how. Smithsonian Institute Archives Image # SIA 2010-1509. Most sugar plantations in Hawaii were owned by Americans. Four years later, Sanford B. Dole was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to American parents. Granted, she's more than just a name: she remains one of the most revered leaders in the islands' history to this day, over a century after her reign. , was arrested and tried for aiding in a short-lived attempt to restore the monarchy, which was known as the "1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii." WebThe precipitating event leading to the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was the attempt by Queen Liliuokalani to promulgate a new constitution to regain powers WebAnswer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! On September 16, 1862, Lydia married the American John Owen Dominis. Most of her songs celebrated Hawaiian history and culture. Nicols Enrquez de Vargas (artist), Portrait of Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, ca. She was still in London for Queen Victorias Jubilee when she heard about it and immediately returned to Hawaii. WebLearn about the causes and the aftermath of the coup d'tat of January 1893 that overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy, in this video from AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: Hawaii's Last Queen. After a year she was allowed to return to Washington Place. Why was the Queen of Hawaii overthrown? - Rover Tip Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. For myself, I would have chosen death rather than sign it, she wrote in her autobiography. Curated, kid-friendly, independently-published. At the age of four, Lydia started her formal education at the Royal School. Liliuokalanis claim to the throne was established when she became the child of hnai parents (a traditional Native Hawaiian practice of adoption to strengthen alliances among chiefs), High Chief and Chiefess Pki and Konia. To continue, enter your email below. You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. Things To Know About Liliuokalani, the Last Queen In the 1830s, the sugar industry was introduced to Hawaii and by the mid-19th century had become well established. But unlike the Lone Star State, the Christian Queen of Hawaii was overthrown in a coup by American businessmen in collusion with the American government backed by United States Marines, in 1893. Because the official protests made by me on the seventeenth day of January, 1893, to the so-called Provisional Government was signed by me, and received by said government with the assurance that the case was referred to the United States of America for arbitration. Four years after he first appeared in Norwegian waters wearing a camera harness, the beluga whale is on the moveand may be in danger. William McKinley signed a joint resolution of Congress authorizing the annexation. Liliuokalani died on November 11, 1917, of a stroke. Liliuokalani became queen in 1891 and worked to restore power to the Hawaiian monarchy and her people.9 In 1892, along with the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii she passed an act to protect public lands from privatization. WebShe was then overthrown by local businessmen with the help of the U.S. Marines. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. American plantation owners and businessmen requested help from the U.S. Marine Corps. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The monarch butterflys spots may be its superpower. President Benjamin Harrison signed the annexation papers on February 14, 1893. It was January 16th, 1895. She and other Knaka Maoli used song to resist cultural and political imperialism.10 Her song Aloha Oe, originally written in 1878 but transcribed while she was under house arrest, became a popular national song.11. ", US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians, "Teaching With Documents: The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii", National Archives and Records Administration, "Lili'uokalani's Protest to the Treaty of Annexation", "The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_the_overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom&oldid=1093517553, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 17 June 2022, at 03:35. The school closed after the epidemic. Ice Merchants, the Academy Award-nominated film by Joo Gonzalez, Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen, Queen Liliuokalanis accession photograph, The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii, The Illegal Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Government, Queen Liliuokalani Photograph Exhibition, Kapaemahu, the Native Hawaiian story of four legendary mahu healers. Let it alone. Many continue to admire Liliuokalani for her resolute and peaceful resistance to the US businessmen who ended Queen Liliuokalani and the overthrow of Hawaii At her trial, which took place in the Throne Room at 'Iolani Palace, she denied having any knowledge of the Counter-Revolution. The Liliuokalani Trust was born out of the aloha and compassion that the Queen had for the destitute children and families of Hawaii. Astronaut Ellen Ochoa, mission specialist, carries her son Wilson Miles-Ochoa following the STS-96 crew return at Ellington Field. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Reform Party protested the growing debt of the kingdom, as well as the corrupt bargains made by the king himself with foreign interests. During her time as princess, she traveled the world, met with foreign dignitaries and made trips around Hawaii to keep close contact with her people. However, in 1891 Liliuokalani, the sister of the late King Kalakaua, ascended to the throne, refusing to recognize the constitution of 1887 and replacing it with a constitution increasing her personal authority. American businessmen, The Overthrow of Hawaiis Queen Liliuokalani, 1893 "[citation needed] The Democratic New York Sun said: "Mr. Cleveland lacks the first essential qualification of a referee or arbitrator. Cihak and Zima (photographer), Ida B. Wells-Barnett, ca. [8][12][14], A few weeks later, on January 10, 1894, U.S. Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham announced that the settlement of the situation in Hawaii would be left up to Congress, citing Willis' unsatisfactory progress. Ukulele Mysteries of Vernacular Combine this life story with resources about, Pair this life story with the life story of, Liliuokalani was an artist in addition to a ruler. This Highways Act declared existing trails, roads, and bridges, as well as future government-built ones to be public highways. READ MORE: The Hawaiian Princess Who Revived Surfing. Citing imminent danger to Americans and their property, Marines and sailors of the U.S. Navy were brought to shore and the Queen was deposed on January 17, 1893. Dole submitted a treaty of annexation to the U.S. Senate, but most Democrats opposed it, especially after it was revealed that most Hawaiians did not want annexation. How do you think Liliuokalanis family and childhood shaped the rest of her life? He appointed their brother William Pitt Leleiohoku as the heir apparent. WebAnswer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! [3][5][6], In an attempt to undo the work of the Harrison administration, Cleveland removed John L. Stevens as Minister to Hawaii, as well as Gilbert C. Wiltse as captain of USS Boston. Hawaii is 2000 miles from our nearest coast. How did Polynesian wayfinders navigate the Pacific Ocean? Wildfire season is getting longer. But the treaty of annexation came up for approval under the administration of Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, anti-expansionist, and friend of the deposed Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii. New-York Historical Society Library. Blount's findings were disputed by the provisional government. Create a free account to continue and get unlimited access to hundreds of Nat Geo articles, plus newsletters. Sugar exports to the United States expanded greatly during the next four years, and U.S. investors and American sugar planters on the islands broadened their domination over Hawaiian affairs. The Queen had been working on a new constitution that would restore voting rights to native Hawaiians. Exactly one hundred years after the coup, the American government adopted a resolution in 1993 that officially apologized for the overthrow of the Hawaiian government. Kalkaua made his sister the heir apparent and gave her the name Liliuokalani. Find out how the "Committee of Safety," a secret group organized by white sugar plantation owners, businessmen, and descendants of missionaries, set up a provisional government If she abdicated, six of her most ardent supporters would be released from the prison where they awaited execution for treason. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A new provisional government was installed with Sanford B. Dole as president. Mechanical Tales: Wood automata toys by Stoccafisso Design, Wolf pup wobbles, first howls, and mama wolf calls, Bloom Dance, a GO motion 4K flower time-lapse, The Dawn Chorus: Bird puppets play in a jazz band, Queen of the Primates: The red-shanked douc langur. We strive for accuracy and fairness. 2007. Past Events Prepare yourself. How did Polynesian wayfinders navigate the Pacific Ocean? WebOn January 17, 1893, the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. Her brother, David Kalkaua, was elected king in 1874. He sent the treaty to the Senate for confirmation the next day. Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom took several forms. Book Non-fiction. The king died on a visit to San Francisco in 1891 and his sister Lilioukalani became the Queen and ruler of Hawaii. Can you outsmart Fate and break her ancient curse? In 1874, her brother Kalkaua became the new king of Hawaii. Two men arrived at Liliuokalanis door, arrested her, and led her to the room where she would be imprisoned. WebOverthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii View source The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii refers to a coup d'tat on January 17, 1893, in which anti-monarchical insurgents within the Kingdom of Hawaii, composed largely of United States citizens, engineered the overthrow of its native monarch, Queen Lili'uokalani. Landmark Events Blog If the Hawaiian Islands became a U.S. territory, Hawaiian sugar producers would be provided with the same economic and monetary benefits as those enjoyed by U.S. domestic producers. Captain James Cook (1728-1779), cartographer, navigator, explorer and captain in the British Royal Navy. Her birth parents had ten children, most of whom were raised by other families of chiefs. Get smart curated videos delivered to your inbox. In exchange, Hawaii allowed the Americans to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor. Best Answer. Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands. Cleveland said that Willis had carried out the letter of his directions, rather than their spirit. 1985.212. This was a boarding school for children of the noble families of Hawaii. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Because said treaty ignores, not only the civic rights of my people, but, further and longer across the land, the hereditary property of their chiefs. My people constitute four-fifths of the legally qualified voters of Hawaii, and excluding those imported for the demands of labor, about the same proportion of the inhabitants. Despite the presidents and the federal governments support of Liliuokalani, the new provisional government ignored Cleveland and claimed that he did not have the power to decide to restore the Hawaiian monarchy. He also ordered Rear Admiral John Irwin to organize a landing operation using troops on the two American ships, which was joined by the Japanese Naniwa and the British HMSChampion. How did Liliuokalani support the Hawaiian people before and during her reign? [13], On December 19, 1893, while meeting with the leaders of the provisional government, Willis presented a letter written by Liliuokalani, in which she agreed to grant amnesty to the revolutionaries if she was restored as queen. They gave her the Christian name Lydia at her baptism. Hiram Bingham I (1789-1869) led the first wave of American missionaries introducing the Gospel to the islands. Quotes That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government. Did You Know: Queen Liliuokalani - U.S. National Park Service On February 1, Minister John Stevens recognized Doles new government on his own authority and proclaimed Hawaii an American protectorate. Newsletter Archive In 1886, she organized the Liliuokalani Educational Society to provide schooling for impoverished Hawaiian girls.8 During Kalkauas reign, American landowners staged a coup and plotted against the monarchy, forcing the king to sign the Bayonet Constitution in 1887 that gave them more power. IIIF provides researchers rich metadata and media viewing options for comparison of works across cultural heritage collections. She wanted to become the Queen again in 1895 because she didnt feel like it was the right thing to do. Carbon Capture: How does direct air capture technology work? . Where did all the gold in the universe come from? Dole received her letter, but neither read it nor challenged her claim of surrendering to the "superior force of the United States of America. Her parents were Analea Keohoklole and Caesar Kapaakea. I declare such a treaty to be an act of wrong toward the native and part-native people of Hawaii, an invasion of the rights of the ruling chiefs, in violation of international rights both toward my people and toward friendly nations with whom they have made treaties, the perpetuation of the fraud whereby the constitutional government was overthrown, and, finally, an act of gross injustice to me.Excerpted from a Letter to President McKinley Protesting the Annexation of Hawaii, 1897. The people who worked on these plantations were mostly native Hawaiians and immigrants from China, Japan, and the Philippines. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata. While not an American woman, Queen Liliuokalani marks a significant voice in the framework of American imperialism. She was What happened to Hawaiis royal family after the US took over? Willis was the successor to James Blount as United States Minister to Hawaii. TKSST features smarter, more meaningful content than what's usually served up by YouTube's algorithms, and amplifies the creators who make that content. She ruled through Janurary 29, 1891 and was overthrown on Janurary 17, 1893. Interested in an electric car? The strange saga of Hvaldimir the Russian spy whale. Available online at. Chien-shiung Wu (1912-1997), professor of physics at Columbia University, 1963. Hawaiis monarchy was limited by the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which King David Kalakaua (18361891) signed under threat of force, and was therefore often known as the Constitution at the bayonet. During the next four decades, Hawaii entered into a number of political and economic treaties with the United States, and in 1887 a U.S. naval base was established at Pearl Harbor as part of a new Hawaiian constitution. 416 pages. The people of Hawaii gave her a royal funeral. Here's how to prepare. Click play and start a conversation. However, the next president, William McKinley, annexed Hawaii in 1898. Store Inspire offline exploration. Harrisons term as president ended a few weeks later. Her throne was taken during an 1893 coup orchestrated by United States businessmen and politicians who had sugar interests and the support of the U.S. military. Library of Congress. Her native language was Hawaiian, but in school, she was taught in English. The United States wanted Hawaii to acquire its islands and because it was a port route to China, eastern India, and Asia. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Four Hawaiian delegates: James Keauiluna Kaulia, David Kalauokalani, William Auld, and John Richardson traveled to Washington, DC to present the K Petitions to Congress which convened in December. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Part of a series of articles titled We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Source: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Lost Its Last Queen, Liliuokalani The ancient pagan kapu religious system continued to prevail during the reign of Kamehameha I but was abolished by his son and successor. I ask the honorable Senate of the United States to decline to ratify said treaty, and I implore the people of this great and good nation, from whom my ancestors learned the Christian religion, to sustain their representatives in such acts of justice and equity as may be in accord with the principles of their fathers, and to the Almighty Ruler of the universe, to him who judgeth righteously, I commit my cause. John worked for the Hawaiian government. Contact Us. ritish Captain James Cook is generally recognized as the first European to lay eyes on the islands he named after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich, in 1778. Sanford B. Dole Copy. Unauthorized use is prohibited. Who was the last king or queen of Hawaii? (function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';fnames[3]='MMERGE3';ftypes[3]='zip';fnames[4]='COMPANY';ftypes[4]='text';fnames[5]='PHONE';ftypes[5]='phone';fnames[6]='ADDRESS';ftypes[6]='address';fnames[7]='LAST_ORDER';ftypes[7]='date';fnames[8]='TAGS';ftypes[8]='text';fnames[9]='DISC_CODE';ftypes[9]='text';fnames[10]='ATTENDEE';ftypes[10]='text';fnames[11]='ORIGIN';ftypes[11]='text';fnames[12]='INACTIVE';ftypes[12]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true); Chief Stand Watie Surrenders Last CSA Army, 1865, Republican Party Holds First Convention, 1856, Ted Roosevelt Lands on Utah Beach on D-Day, 1944, Captain Christopher Newport Founds Jamestown, Virginia Colony, 1607, A Deal Is Struck for the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. The cause of Hawaiian independence is larger and dearer than the life of any man connected with it.. Because Hawaii had been relatively isolated from the rest of the world, Hawaiians were more susceptible to the disease. Queen Liliuokalani was the last sovereign of Hawaii. In 1887, Queen Victoria of Great Britain invited Hawaiian royals to attend the grand celebration of her fiftieth anniversary on the throne. To mark her new role in the monarchy, she took on the name Liliuokalani. Unknown/Library of Congress A signed photograph of Queen Liliuokalani. Watch these Hawaii-related history videos next: Hawaii being a US territory, the sugar planters who overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy paid less tax. Shortly after the annexation, many loyal Hawaiians visited Liliuokalani to honor her 60th birthday. WebThe Queen Lives On in LT. overthrown by u.s. marines. Download the official NPS app before your next visit, http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html, https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/liliuokalani-hawaii-s-last-queen.htm, https://www.nps.gov/articles/did-you-know-queen-liliuokalani.htm, http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/newspapers/queenlil7nnw.txt, Women's History in the Pacific West - Pacific Islands Collection, Liliuokalani, Hawaiis Story by Hawaiis Queen (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1898). This media is in the public domain (free of copyright restrictions). Stay informed about upcoming events and enjoy timely and interesting articles! Queen Lili'uokalani Queen Liliuokalani [17][18], However, in 1898, the Senate passed the Newlands Resolution due to the SpanishAmerican War; the resolution resulted in Hawaii's annexation for use as a Pacific military base.[17]. The Queen believed that the majority of Hawaiians did not want the new constitution and took steps to rid the nation of the imposed document. Within days of the Queens announcement, the Americans led a coup to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and the Hawaiian government. The report stated that the provisional government was not established with the consent or approval of the Hawaiian people. Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia When Queen Liliuokalani ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1891, she became the first female ruler of the Hawaiian monarchy and its last sovereign monarch. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Queen Liliuokalani didn't like that constitution and wrote another Constitution and the Did Indiana Jones help or hurt archaeology? [11], On January 11, 1894, Willis confirmed that the invasion had been a hoax. Many of these foreigners bought Hawaiian land and invested in the lucrative Hawaiian sugar industry. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. WebLearn about the causes and the aftermath of the coup d'tat of January 1893 that overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy, in this video from AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: Hawaii's Last During the conference, Willis told the provisional government to surrender to Liliuokalani and allow Hawaii to return to its previous condition, but Dole refused to comply with his demands, claiming that he was not subject to the authority of the United States. Still, Hawaiian newspapers published songs she managed to smuggle from house arrest. that 'Iolani Palace in downtown Honolulu, Hawai'i is the only royal palace in the United States, and that QueenLili'uokalani was held prisoner there after the monarchy was overthrown by the US Government? [9][10] After the arrival of Corwin, the provisional government and citizens of Hawaii were ready to rush to arms if necessary, but it was widely believed that Willis' threat of force was a bluff. Prime minister of the Republic of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba, was executed with the assistance of the governments of Belgium and the United States. Because said treaty ignores, not only all professions of perpetual amity and good faith made by the United States in former treaties with the sovereigns representing the Hawaiian people, but all treaties made by those sovereigns with other and friendly powers, and it is thereby in violation of international law. that 'Iolani Palace in downtown Honolulu, Hawai'i is the only royal palace in the United States, and that QueenLili'uokalani was held prisoner there after the monarchy was overthrown by the US Government? Liliuokalani called it the Bayonet Constitution because her brother had been forced to sign it. Despite Native Hawaiians extensive resistance, the US annexed Hawaii in 1898. Lorrin Thurston (1858-1931), grandson of Christian missionaries to Hawaii and a key figure in the overthrow of Hawaii. University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.
Lakewood Ca Police Activity Today,
Tiny Houses Nassau County Ny,
How Often Is The Nys Trooper Exam Given,
Articles H