The following is a list of war deities. It is unlikely that the king attended the Festival of Victory every year; in many cases he was probably represented by a priest. BastetTrustees of the British Museum (Copyright). Although in early incarnations he is assigned the role of sibling to Isis and Osiris, Horus later is described by some cults as the son of Isis following the death of Osiris. The word means "that which is straight" and the concept of harmony infused every aspect of an Egyptian's life. [16] Egyptians believed that the Sun was his right eye and the Moon his left and that they traversed the sky when he, a falcon, flew across it. Mau protected the Tree of Life, which held the secrets of eternal life and divine knowledge, from the evil serprent Apep. ), Pommerening, Tanja, Die altgyptischen Hohlmae (. Protection of the Kingdom and Sky. Ba-Pef - God of terror, specifically spiritual terror. See Wadj-Wer. They were deified for their association with Osiris, stemming from their death in the river, and served as local deities of protection. Wigington, Patti. He was one of the gods who protected Ra on his journey through the underworld, using magic . Serapis was a blend of Osiris and Apis but his character and attributes were a blending of these two Egyptian deities with the Greek gods Zeus, Helios, Dionysius, Hades, and Asklepius. Qebehsenuef - A protector god, one of the Four Sons of Horus who protected the canopic jar of the intestines. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. Horus defeat of Set may symbolize the unification of the two halves of Egypt. The Triumph of Horus: An Ancient Egyptian Sacred Drama. Last modified April 14, 2016. We care about our planet! He is often represented as more of a spirit (a 'demon', though not at all in the modern-day understanding of that word) than a deity but was worshipped as a god and featured on a number of everyday items in the homes of the Egyptians such as furniture, mirrors, and knife handles. Daughter of Hathor and Horus. She was part of the Triad of Heliopolis along with Mnevis and Anubis. In the text The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys she calls the soul of Osiris back from the dead. She is the guardian goddess over Duamutef, one of the Four Sons of Horus who watch over the canopic jars in the tombs and is also depicted as a just judge of the dead in the Hall of Truth. Fragmentary lintel from the Temple of Montu in El-Tod, mentioning Montu, King Mentuhotep II and the goddess Satis. Horus and Set challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus - God of war, sky, and protection. - Egyptian God She arose from the totemic symbol of the nome (province) of the region around Mendes, which was a fish. Mark, Joshua J.. "Egyptian Gods - The Complete List." In the Pyramid Texts he is claimed to be the son of Neith and was worshipped widely from the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE) onwards. His symbol, possibly derived from the god Heka, was a staff with a serpent entwined about it, associated in the modern day with healing and the medical profession, known as the Rod of Asclepius. - Egyptian God. Souls of Nekhen and Pe - Protective spirits who were considered the ancestral souls of the city of Nekhen in Upper Egypt (also known as Hierakonopolis) and the city of Pe in Lower Egypt (also known as Buto). Submitted by Joshua J. The first temple to him was constructed at Kalabsha during the 18th Dynasty (c. 1550-1292 BCE). In Egyptian lore, there are two divine beings sharing this name. Mortal hero Bek teams with the god Horus in an alliance against Set, the merciless god of darkness, who has usurped Egypt's throne, plunging the once peaceful and prosperous empire into chaos and conflict. After becoming pregnant with Horus, Isis fled to the Nile Delta marshlands to hide from her brother Set, who jealously killed Osiris and who she knew would want to kill their son. The Coffin Texts describe Horus in his own words: No other god could do what I have done. In the 1st century BC, Cleopatra VII (5130 BC) built a mammisi and a sacred lake there in honour of her son, the very young Ptolemy XV Caesarion. There are examples of other triads, however, which did not follow this pattern such as the Amun-Ra-Ptah Triad where all three gods represented the same celestial power (the sun). Amun, Mut, and KhonsuOsama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright). Haroeris - The Greek name for the sky aspect of Horus the Elder (also known as Horus the Great who appeared in the earthly realm as a falcon. The boy was going to die from the venom but Isis saved him and forgave the woman. Her Egyptian name, Eset, means "Goddess of the Throne" because of her association with the monarch. He formed one of the most important and influential triads at Thebes along with his father Amun and mother Mut. She was a consort of Horus and associated with the vengeful aspects of Sekhmet and the justice of Isis. He lived c. 2667-2600 BCE and was a polymath expert in many fields of study. Khonsu (Kons, Chonsu, Khensu, or Chons) - His name means "The Traveler" and he was god of the moon. A very ancient goddess, she was sent by Ra to destroy humanity for their sins. Set was referred to as Sutekh through the reign of Ramesses II (1279-1213 BCE) and invoked as a vanguard in war. Mnevis (Mer-Wer or Nem-Wer) - Mnevis was the sacred bull of Heliopolis considered an aspect of the sun god Ra. She is known primarily from amulets showing her image. Hardedef - The son of King Khufu (also known as Cheops, 2589-2566 BCE) who wrote a book known as Instruction in Wisdom. The name means "Great of Magic"and is associated with the uraeus and the crown of Lower Egypt. Like many Egyptian gods, he underwent numerous transformations as the Egyptian culture evolved, and so there is no way for us to cover each aspect of Horus in all of his different forms throughout time. In one myth, the Eye of Ra departs for Nubia where it transforms itself into a lioness. Tefnut is the mother of Geb (earth) and Nut (sky) who were born so human beings could have somewhere to live. His name means "Lord" and his was a major deity in Canaan only worshipped in Egypt in the later period of the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE). As a fertility goddess, she was further linked to the Nile River and the inundation and so with Hapi, the god of the fertile mud of the Nile. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Horus: The Egyptian God of War and the Sky - Give Me History His name is linked to the goddess of harmony and truth, Ma'at, and may mean "True Before Ma'at". He was usually depicted as a falcon-headed man wearing the pschent, or a red and white crown, as a symbol of kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt. Horus also dominated Ptolemaic temples at Kom Ombo and Edfu, along with Hathor, his consort. His successor Khasekhemwy used both Horus and Set in the writing of his serekh. Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). [30], In many versions of the story, Horus and Set divide the realm between them. Horus was also believed to be a god of war and hunting. Anhur, god of war, not a native god; Bast, cat-headed goddess associated with war, protection of Lower Egypt and the pharaoh, the sun, perfumes, ointments, and embalming; Horus, god of the king, the sky, war, and protection; Maahes, lion-headed god of war; Menhit, goddess of war, "she who massacres" https://www.learnreligions.com/the-egyptian-god-horus-2561786 (accessed June 28, 2023). Osiris: God of Fertility, Agriculture, Afterlife, Death, Resurrection and Life. Horus is a Warrior class God in the Multiplayer online battle arena game Smite with the title of "The Rightful Heir".[54]. King Mentuhotep II is its first known builder, but the original complex was enlarged and embellished during the 12th Dynasty, the less well-known 13th Dynasty (c. 18031649 BC), and later in the New Kingdom (especially under King Thutmose III). God of execution, slaughter, blood, oil, and wine. She also became prominent as a funerary goddess who watched over the dead. List of war deities - Wikipedia In addition to his associations with the sky, Horus was seen as a deity of war and the hunt. Ash (As) - God of the Libyan desert, a kindly deity who provided the oasis for travelers. He was the royal architect of Amunhotep III (1386-1353 BCE). She was originally Inanna of the Sumerians and Akkadians, who became Ishtar to the Assyrians and influenced the development of other similar goddesses such as Aphrodite of the Greeks, Astarte of the Phoenicians, Hathor of the Egyptians, and Sauska of the Hittites, among others. Thoth, the god of wisdom, gambled with Iah, god of the moon, and won five days worth of moonlight which he transformed into days. The ancient Egyptians observed the female hippopotamus to be extremely protective of her children which led to the form of this goddess. Egyptian tradition and archaeological evidence indicate that Egypt was united at the beginning of its history when an Upper Egyptian kingdom, in the south, conquered Lower Egypt in the north. Montu's name, shown in Egyptian hieroglyphs to the right, is technically transcribed as mntw (meaning "Nomad"[4][5]). These creatures had nowhere to live and so Shu and Tefnut mated to give birth to Geb (earth) and Nut (sky). Horus Horus Comstock/Jupiterimages Depicted as a falcon or as a man with a falcon's head, Horus was a sky god associated with war and hunting. Shay (Shai) - The personification of fate. Ptah was originally the figure who stood on the primordial mound of the ben-ben at the creation of the world. Unut (Wenet or Wenut) - A protective goddess worshipped at Hermopolis and known as "The Swift One". He was also associated with the Nile which was said to issue forth as the sweat of Sobek. Originally a Nubian deity. The ritual known as Overthrowing of Apophis was performed in temples to help the gods and departed souls protect the barge and ensure the coming of day. Bastet: The Egyptian Goddess of Protection And Much More Lates-Fish - The Nile perch sacred to the goddess Neith, worshipped as a divine entity as Esna. He evolved from a god of agriculture and growth to the god of craftsmen and guardian of the Memphis necropolis after Osiris became more popular. By the time of the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) the Egyptians had identified five of the planets which they referred to as "Stars That Know No Rest" and associated with gods: the called Mercury 'Sebegu' (a form of the god Set); Venus ("The One Who Crosses" and "God of the Morning"); Mars ("Horus of the Horizon" and "Horus the Red"); Jupiter ("Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"); Saturn ("Horus Bull of the Heavens"). Because of the difficulty in transcribing Egyptian vowels, it is often realized as Mont, Monthu, Montju, Ment or Menthu. Sepa - A protector god in the form of a centipede with the head of a donkey or horns, known as "The Centipede of Horus". Renpet - A goddess who personified the year. Maahes - Wikipedia Iabet presided over the eastern deserts and, in time, came to personify them. By identifying Horus as the offspring of these forces, then identifying him with Atum himself, and finally identifying the Pharaoh with Horus, the Pharaoh theologically had dominion over all the world. Ra (Atum or Re) - The great sun god of Heliopolis whose cult spread across Egypt to become the most popular by the Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BCE). He was initially the patron god of Nekhen in Upper Egypt. Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses - Cleopatra Egypt Tours Canopic Jars of NeskhonsThe Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright). Who was the god of war in ancient Egypt? The practice of burying a body in a wooden casket was thought to be a return of the deceased to the womb of the Mother Goddess. Sebiumeker - A guardian god who was a major deity in Meroe, Kush as god of procreation and fertility. Afterwards, Serket followed Isis' example of forgiveness and protected other children from scorpions. Nefertum (Nefertem) - God of perfume and sweet aromas. Bennu - An avian deity better known as the Bennu Bird, the divine bird of creation and inspiration for the Greek Phoenix. Anti - A Hawk god of Upper Egypt sometimes associated with Anat. They had names like Far-Strider, Fire-Embracer, Demolisher, Disturber, Owner of Faces, and Serpent Who Brings and Gives, among others. The king was thought to be the living incarnation of Horus and, through him, the god gave all good things to his people. He drives his sun barge across the heavens by day, showing another aspect of himself with each advance of the sun across the sky, and then dives into the underworld at evening where the barge is threatened by the primordial serpent Apep (Apophis) and must be defended by the other gods and souls of the justified dead. Ruins of the Temple of Montu in Armant, published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia after a watercolour by David Roberts (1849). Banebdjedet - Ram god of fertility. - Egyptian God - The White Goddess World History Encyclopedia. Egyptian and Near Eastern sailors would frequently paint the symbol on the bow of their vessel to ensure safe sea travel.[22]. He was often depicted as a sphinx with the head of a man (like the Great Sphinx of Giza), or as a hieracosphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a falcon's head and wings, sometimes with the head of a lion or ram (the latter providing a link to the god Khepri, the rising sun). He is depicted as a serpent and, like Heka, has always existed. Sia - The personification of perception and thoughtfulness who represented the heart (seat of emotion, thought, and character). Tjenenyet - A protective goddess from the 12th Dynasty (1991-1802 BCE) who was most likely worshipped earlier. It is the first water sign. Sobek - An important protective deity in the form of a crocodile or a man with a crocodile's head, Sobek was a god of water but also associated with medicine and particularly surgery. Its head was executed by means of beating the gold then connecting it with the copper body. Imagery of the Virgin Mary holding her son Jesus comes directly from Isis cradling her son Horus and the Dying and Reviving God figure of Jesus himself is a version of Osiris. [2] This special sacred bull had dozens of servants and wore precious crowns and bibs. The name means "Pair of Lions". [Ramesses II] whom victory was foretold as he came from the womb,Whom valor was given while in the egg,Bull firm of heart as he treads the arena,Godly king going forth like Montu on victory day. Associated with the sun, sky, and power, Horus became linked with the king of Egypt as early as the First Dynasty (c. 3150-2890 BCE). My wrath will be turned against the enemy of my father Osiris and I will put him beneath my feet in my name of 'Red Cloak'.". In the fantasy action film Gods of Egypt Horus is portrayed Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, who also portrays Jaime Lannister in Game of Thrones. She was the most important goddess of Lower Egypt in early history and continued to hold a prominent position in worship for millenia. Heh and Hauhet - God and goddess of infinity and eternity. She was worshipped in the Delta region and associated with Neith and Wadjet as a protective goddess. In early myths, he was the god who fashioned human beings from the clay of the Nile River and then held them high so the light of Ra could shine upon them and give them life. 5, 2023, learnreligions.com/the-egyptian-god-horus-2561786. Related Content Khentekhtai (Khente-Khtai) - He was a crocodile god worshipped in the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2613-2498 BCE) at the city of Athribis. Ha provided protection from the Libyans and opened oases for travelers in the desert. This text was recited regularly at festivals, services, and funerals throughout Egypt. Allow Voting Cookie. Nu is commonly regarded as "Father of the Gods" while Naunet is only referenced regarding the Ogdoad, the grouping of eight primordial gods, four males matching four females, who represent the original elements of creation. He was the son of Tasenetnofret, a local goddess of Kom Ombo who was a manifestation of Hathor. The gods first listened to Set's claim of dominance over Horus, and call his semen forth, but it answered from the river, invalidating his claim. We want people all over the world to learn about history. 27th dynasty. The ceremonies which took place during the Festival of Victory included the performance of a sacred drama which commemorated the victory of Horus over Set. Today some Pagans, particularly those who follow a Kemetic or Egyptian Reconstructionist belief system, still honor Horus as part of their practice. The gods provided people with all good gifts but it was heka which allowed them to do so. The male gods were creators and protectors like Ra, Amun, Shu, and Horus while the female Egyptian goddesses were responsible for concepts related to nurturing and virility like Hathor and Isis plus also with concepts of protection and even combat like Sekhmet, Nephthys . He was originally a Canaanite god associated with destruction who planted a tree of death. Wepwawet (Wepiu or Wepuaut) - One of the most ancient gods of Egypt and the oldest depiction of a jackal god, pre-dating Anubis, with whom he is often confused. Banebdjedet (Banebdjed) is a ram god of fertility with a cult centre at Mendes. He was a live bull selected from a herd for his completely black coat. Relief on the back wall of the Ptolemaic Pronaos of the Month Temple of el-Tod. A coarse stela representing the warrior-Pharaoh Senusret III (18781839 BC) in the presence of Montu. The Eye of Horus was a symbol of protection, the right eye of Horus was the Sun and the left the Moon. She is depicted as a hippopotamus or a combination of hippo, crocodile, human female, and lion, most often with a lion's head, hippo's body, human arms, lion feet. Books She had no formal cult or temple but was an integral part of the Egyptian's understanding of time: that it was imbued, like everything else, with personality and vitality. Ra was among the most important and popular gods of Egypt. Set's boat, being made of heavy stone, sank, but Horus' did not. Although these developments are sometimes noted below, the gods are generally described in the roles they were best known for at the peak of their popularity. Eventually the Gods sided with Horus. Neper - God of the grains, son of the harvest goddess Renenutet. Anta - An aspect of the Mother Goddess Mut worshipped at Tanis as the consort of Amun. The eyes are inlaid with obsidian. Followers of Gengen Wer identified themselves with his protective attributes and wore talismans reminding them to respect life and honor the earth. [48][49] This outlook remains very controversial and is disputed. He was known as the Great Cackler because of his association with geese. [1] He was particularly worshipped in Upper Egypt and in the district of Thebes.[2]. She was known as "Friend of the Dead" for her care of the souls in the afterlife and professional mourners at funerals, who encouraged the open expression of grief, were known as the "Kites of Nephthys". She is only known from a single stela at Abydos which shows her standing with the ankh in one hand and a staff in the other as a woman and her daughter approach to pay her homage. His consort was Seshat, his daughter or his wife, who was his female counterpart and also patron deity of libraries and books. The inhabitants of the lower Nile depicted Bastet as a savage, lion-headed deity. He was one of the oldest gods of ancient Egypt, being worshipped at the influential Predynastic town of Nekhen (Hierakonpolis). She was later absorbed into Hathor. She was depicted as a woman with a rabbit's head or a serpent with a rabbit's head and is often referred to as "the rabbit goddess". She holds a writing implement in her right hand and the notched palm stalk representing the years' passage in her left. [24][25] Horus had many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt. Some tomb artwork depicts the offering of very large triangular cakes to Horus. Cavern Deities - A group of nameless gods who lived in caverns in the underworld and punished the wicked and helped the souls of the justified dead. Nu (Nun) and Naunet - Nu was the personification of the primordial chaos from which the world arose. Along with her change in appearance, she . Mehit (Meyht) - She was a moon goddess from the Early Dynastic Period (c. 31250-2613 BCE) identified with the concept of the Distant Goddess who departs from Ra and returns to bring transformation. The winged sun of Horus of Edfu is a symbol in associated with divinity, royalty, and power in ancient Egypt. She was also the divine protector of the king and state who roasted conspirators and traitors in her flaming brazier. He was the protector of kingship and the individual king. This list (which may have dates, numbers, etc. The definitions of the god's characteristics and the roles they played are synthesized for clarity but it should be noted that not every deity listed was understood in the same way throughout Egypt's long history. As a protective god, Bes also fended off dark magic, ghosts, spirits, and demons. Ruty - The twin lion gods who represented the eastern and western horizons. Her name means "Holy" and she is always depicted as a slim naked woman holding the symbols of eroticism and fertility; lotus blossoms in her right hand and snakes or papyrus stems in her left. Aken - Custodian of the boat which ferried souls across Lily Lake to the Field of Reeds in the afterlife. 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