The email script, study flyers, survey instrument and recruitment procedures were all approved by the Institutional Review Board of Charles R. Drew University. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199. 106120). [18] and Sprecher and Fehr [16] have focused on compassion as a pattern of behavior, such as self-sacrificing tendencies, which emerge in an individual due to the empathic feelings they have toward different groups of people. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00009. BMC Psychol. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. Two English-Persian translators whose first language was Persian conducted the translation. Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Measuring the prosocial personality. Compassionate love for close others and humanity. The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale - Elizabeth Petrocchi N, Cosentino T, Pellegrini V, Femia G, DInnocenzo A, Mancini F. Compassion-focused group therapy for treatment-resistant OCD: initial evaluation using a multiple baseline design. Flix Neto2 Accepted: 14 January 2022 / Published online: 2 February 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022 Abstract Compassionate love centres on expanding benecence to another. Google Scholar. 1983;44:113. Other studies could recruit interview and longitudinal methods to address the desired social response. Network Analysis of Mindfulness Facets, Affect, Compassion, and Distress. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5. Participation was anonymous and voluntary and no incentives were offered for participation in the survey. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00329.x. The Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale is a 21-item scale for an attitude toward others that encompasses feelings, thinking, and behavior that focuses on caring, concerns, and support for others with a motivation to understand and help them when they are most in need. Informed consent was obtained online from all participants. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01527-y. Most of the participants had college degree and higher (87.8%) and were employed (79%). The .gov means its official. Study 1 (N = 501) empirically assessed the psychometric properties of the widely cited Compassionate Love Scale (CLS) to validate a new short scale of compassion for others (strangers) comprised of items from the CLS - the 7-item Compassion for Others Scale (COS-7). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 480497. Alongside the translated CLS-H-SF, the additional scales used in this study were already translated into Persian. 2016; 37. Accessibility J Soc Pers Relat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 435450. If ______ needs help, I would do almost anything I could to help him or her. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. The Compassionate Love Scale | SpringerLink Chiesi F, Lau C, Saklofske DH. Patient. (1988). 2022;23(4):1683-1708. doi: 10.1007/s10902-021-00469-z. 2011. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds. Pers Relatsh. PDF Compassionate Love of Close Others Scale The English version of the scale has demonstrated adequate validity and reliability, and good fit indices in a one-factor model [21]. On the Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale for humanity the mean score for each question was 4.56 with a standard deviation of 0.98 for women, and 3.83 with a standard deviation of 1.08 for men. The psychometric properties of the Compassion Scale are as given in Table 2. The data collection period began in May 2021 and ended in October 2021. Specifically, compassionate love has been defined as an "attitude toward other (s), either close others or strangers and including feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that are focused on caring, concern, tenderness, and an orientation toward supporting, helping, and understanding the other (s)" ( [ 2 ], p., 630). PDF Compassionate Love Scale: Validity and Reliability Study Sevgi Algs Hatfield defines passionate love as "a state of intense longing for union with another." This type of love tends to be more common at the outset of a relationship. Neff KD. J Pers Soc Psychol. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Steer, J. J. FOIA It is easy for me to feel the pain (and joy) experienced by my loved ones. Ann Fam Med. Due to the use of an online survey and setting the necessary answers for each item, there was no missing data. I would rather suffer myself than see someone close to me suffer. A review of definitions and measures. The participants completed the CEAS Turkish Form for Others, Self and from Others, Self-Compassion Scale Short Form, Compassionate Love Scale, and Self-Criticism Scale.ResultsThe confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using AMOS version 27 to examine the validity of the three scales with two different factor structures each. Appropriate CVI and CVR values also indicated acceptable content validity for each item on the scale. 2752). However, the development of indicators for social well-being have evolved and revolved more around socioeconomic status and neighborhood characteristics than the interpersonal relationships within social networks in spite of the association of low quantity and quality of social relationships with high risk of death.6 Social relationships and activities have been found to be associated with survival and longevity, particularly among the elderly.7-9 The mechanism by which social relationships and activities influence health is not fully elucidated. Example Instructions: Read each of the following items and indicate how true each statement is of you in regard to strangers and all of humanity. Empathy, attitudes, and action: can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group? BMC Psychol. Alharbi J, Al HL. PDF PASSIONATE LOVE SCALE - The Fetzer Institute Handbook of personality: Theory and Research. In: Advances in experimental social psychology. However, a universally agreed upon understanding of the construct may be useful for researchers and practitioners who wish to communicate their work to one another meaningfully and effectively; especially if they come from a diverse range of cultural and disciplinary backgrounds. Sage. The panel of six comprises a male Buddhist physician researcher, a male Christian physician researcher, a female community Christian pastor, a female Muslim physician researcher, a male community Christian pastor, and a female Christian community leader. statement and Item-to-total correlations were high and ranged from 0.50-0.71. Additionally, a significant triple interaction between love, relationship length, and age suggests that with increases in age and length of relationships, the passionate and compassionate scales showed higher levels of love than the companionate scale. Before the data was analyzed, preliminary tests of validity were carried out on the Persian translation of the instrument. Doshmangir L, Moshiri E, Farzadfar F. Seven decades of primary healthcare during various development plans in Iran: a historical review. (2022). Abbas Abdollahi. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale that can be used to monitor and manage the level of compassion for the optimum health and wellbeing of the caregivers and recipients across social networks and relationships. Experts evaluate the items by selecting a value from (1) not essential to (3) essential. PubMed Central Zajonc RB. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0841-8. Beaton RD, Murphy SA. 1988;54:106370. Springer Nature. Am Behav Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2085-z. 2010;36:25381. In S. G. Post, L. G. Underwood, J. P. Schloss, & W. B. Hurlbut (Eds. Instead, different cultures are likely to have arrived at nuanced views of compassion; views which will most likely have implications for the way in which a tool for measuring compassion is used and understood. A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for humanity https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14725. Cook DA, Beckman TJ. New York: Harper & Row; 2012. The Development and Evaluation of a Compassion Scale - PMC A CVR value greater than was also observed, indicating acceptable content validity (see Table 2). Dispositional attachment and relationship-specific attachment as predictors of compassionate love for a partner. In: Figley CR, editor. [15]. I try to understand rather than judge _______. (2017). The development of the Japanese version of the compassionate engagement and action scales. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036. Regulation of neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. 2021;11:3825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603385. PubMedGoogle Scholar. CrossRef Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. 2003;2:22350. Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research pp 118Cite as. Compassion is the capacity for being moved by the suffering of others and wanting to help alleviate it. Instead, it is celebrated by many of the worlds most prominent religious traditions [5]. -, Kanov JM, Maitlis S, Worline MC, Dutton JE, Frost PJ, Lilius JM. 2019;28:13548. Consistent with Buddhism concepts, self-compassion means the compassion for others [15]; however, it should note that the compassionate love is the more comprehensive construct. Inter-item correlations are shown in Table 3. Participants were categorized according to the employment status as employed, retired, disabled, or unemployment; and according to their income level into four groups ($<=10,000; 10,001-20,000; 20,001-40,000 and >=40,000) and according to their marital status into single, married, widowed, and divorced. David Martins, Assistant Dean of Clinical and Community Affairs Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. Item means, standard deviations and item-total correlations for the scale are reported. It can be defined as: "A state of intense longing for union with another A state of profound physiological arousal" (Hatfield & Walster, 1978, p. 9). There are varieties of potential uses for this tool. Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2004, May). Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01227.x. Europace. Note: The items above in bold were included in a brief version of the CLS for parents in Loewen (2016) and Steer (2017), in research conducted under the direction of Dr. Beverley Fehr. Also, the procedure of the study was approved by an ethical committee of Alzahra University (IR/10/27/1400). Strauss, C., Taylor, B. L., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., & Cavanagh, K. (2016). Berscheid, E. (1988). Compassionate Love Scale (Sprecher and Fehr 2005). Please cite: . CrossRef In this context, importance means the level to which respondents agree an item reflects the construct, and frequency is the number of responses. Rauer, A. J., Sabey, A., & Jensen, J. F. (2014). PMC Cookies policy. Similarly, the scale content validity index (S-CVI) is calculated by counting the number of items in a measure that have received a "highly relevant" rating. I would rather engage in actions that help my intimate others than engage in actions that would help me. I would rather engage in actions that help others, even though they are strangers, than engage in actions that would help me. Telephone interviews were therefore carried out with ten Persian-speaking lay colleagues, each of whom was asked whether they agreed that the items represented a facet of compassionate love. However, the relationships between subjective well-being and CL are . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Caregiving process and caregiver burden: conceptual models to guide research and practice. Alternatively, participants may have felt less compassionate love towards others due to the absence of the mere exposure effect [48]. Each item is answered on a 9-point scale ranging from 1 (not at all true) to 9 (definitely true). Sprecher S, Fehr B. Compassionate love for close others and humanity. I very much wish to be kind and good to ______. Compassionate love: What we know so far. None of the authors have any competing interests. Keith Norris, Executive Vice President for Research and Health Affairs, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. J Health Care Poor Underserved. volume10, Articlenumber:61 (2022) (2011). Mindfulness (N Y). 2018;5:23559. Three studies (total N = 700) were then conducted to provide . 2012;37:1525. Luks A. Helper's high: Volunteering makes people feel good, physically and emotionally. I feel considerable compassionate love for people from everywhere. -. (2009). Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. The numbers of factors was defined by an Eigenvalue=>1. ), The Science of Compassionate Love: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. The findings of this study showed the Persian version of CLS-H-SF had acceptable validity and reliability in assessing compassionate love for humanity in Iranian adults. (PDF) A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for 359374). Clin Psychol Rev. Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2013). We then convened a panel of academic and community experts to judge the relevance and representativeness of the survey items for each of the established domain of compassion. Compassionate love is an important concept in a relationship, defined as an attitude towards other people, both close others and foreign; contain feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that focus on caring, attention, tenderness, and orientation to support, help, and understand others. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. I feel considerable compassionate love for those people important in my life. Handb Cross-Cultural Psychol. I accept _____ even when he or she does things I think are wrong. The levels of stress and depression of the caregiver increase as the functional status of the care recipient decreases24-25 and thereby predispose the caregiver to compassion fatigue26. Face validity was assessed quantitatively by surveying 10 participants to determine the impact score of each item. [21] calculated bivariate correlations for both the CLS-H and CLS-H-SF; and three additional instruments which measure related psychological constructs. Cronbachs alpha for the scale was 0.88, indicating good internal consistency between items. To translate the English version of CLS-H-SF to Persian, Brislin [28] back-translation method was used. Conclusions: Psychometric Properties of the Clinical Scale for Compassion, Item-to-item Correlations in the Clinical Scale for Compassion. How much of your free time would you spend to do work for a friend that needs your skills but cannot afford to pay you? The item-to-total correlations ranged from 0.50-0.71. Article I spend a lot of time concerned about the well-being of those people close to me. ), Handbook of personality and social psychology: Volume 2: Interpersonal relationships and group processes (pp. What is the Most Valid and Reliable Compassion Measure in Healthcare? Participants involved in this study are likely to have suffered extended bouts of social isolation before completing the survey, which may have influenced the levels of compassionate love they felt towards others. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230875. Of course, a diverse understanding of compassion across cultures is not in and of itself a problem. Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2009a). First the instrument was assessed for face validity, which is the degree to which end users agree that the items of an assessment instrument appropriately reflect the targeted constructin this case compassion. 2007;30:45967. How much of your free time would you spend to do work for a stranger that needs your skills but cannot afford to pay you? In terms of education level, 44 (5.3%) participants had less than a diploma, 168 (20.3%) had a diploma, 376 (45.5%) had a bachelors degree, 186 (22.5%) held a masters degree, and 53 (6.4%) had a doctorate degree. Terms and Conditions, The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: prospective evidence from the tecumseh community health study. By using this website, you agree to our [34], a I-CVI greater than 0.7 indicates acceptable content validity. Eur J Psychotraumatol. Sprecher, S., Fehr, B. The development and evaluation of a compassion scale. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-008-0117-2. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Biostatistician, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. 2020;8:19. How many times would you allow others the pleasure of something that causes you pain. https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.24. The translated 9-item CLS-H-SF [21] was used to measure the participants compassionate love for humanity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004. doi: 10.1177/0265407505056439. Another limitation may have been brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Davis MH. 2009;11:136974. Front Psychol. PubMed J Soc Pers Relat. Springer Press. The value of I-CVR is calculated as follows: the number of experts who select the value of 3 minus half the number of experts is divided by half the number of experts. ), Understanding personal relationships: Vol. Neff, K. D. (2003). Background: Compassionate love is defined as awareness and understanding of one's suffering, connecting with the distress, and being emotionally and cognitively moved to alleviate suffering. Each item has a blank space where respondents are directed to fill in the name of their partner. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. All participants were unpaid volunteers, therefore obtaining informed consent was a priority. The scale is brief and exhibits good psychometric properties34. This is important to note because it means that translating a tool for measuring compassion is not simply a matter of translating from one language to another. Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in 53 nations: exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. Current Research in Social Psychology, 11, 227242. Chi-Square)= 1342.459; p=0.0001, Number of factor extracted was based on Eigenvalues>1. Executive Vice President for Research and Health Affairs, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. [18] developed a 5-item scale called the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale (SCBCS), based on the original CLS-H. (1993). The psychosocial support and participation in the lives of others often advanced as probable mechanisms for the health benefits of social relationships and activities have also been associated with significant morbidity among the caregivers10-16 Caregivers exhibit lower self-esteem and higher levels of stress and depressive symptoms than non-caregivers17-23. ABSTRACT A compassionate love scale was developed that can be used,in alternative forms, to assess compassionate or altruisticlove for different targets (e.g., close others and all ofhumankind). If given the opportunity, I am willing to sacrifice in order to let _____ achieve his/her goals. The survey also included an information sheet reminding participants that their participation was both voluntary and anonymous. Google Scholar. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 35, 285302. The survey instrument was then pilot tested with 60 respondents drawn primarily from the staff and faculty of the University. 311344). Burnout in Families: The Systemic Costs of Caring. A confirmatory factor analysis of the positive affect negative affect schedule (PANAS) with a youth sport sample. The Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale is a 21-item scale for an attitude toward others that encompasses feelings, thinking, and behavior that focuses on caring, concerns, and support for others with a motivation to understand and help them when they are most in need. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Test Information Function (TIF) of the original and short Compassionate Love Scale for Humanity. The datasets analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Journal of Experiential Education, 32, 2843. Measuring Compassion in Healthcare: A Comprehensive and Critical Review. Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2000). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00776-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00776-x. Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. S. (1986). One of the activities that provide me with the most meaning to my life is helping others in the world when they need help. Using three samples (total N = 529), the Compassionate Love scale was developed and piloted . Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress. . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [15], compassionate love is a long-term characteristic that includes empathetic feelings as well as patterns of action toward other people. An Exploratory Study of Compassionate, Companionate - Knowledge Commons If _____ is troubled, I usually feel extreme tenderness and caring. Assistant Dean of Clinical and Community Affairs Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science; Compassion, assessment, measures, health, social, networks, relationships. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Not at all true of me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Very true of me. Compassion is a construct that cannot be directly observed or measured but deducible from specific acts and behavior. Other researchers have focused on the altruistic aspect of compassion, conceptualizing compassion as a more enduring, trait-like variable than might be suggested by McDonald et al.s definition. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. Personal Relationships, 16, 343364. This process can then be iterated until there are as few discrepancies between the source language documents as possible [29]. Compassion in organizational life. Given the potential for cultivating objective acts of compassion through specific training and practices33 this study describes the development of a brief and simple scale for the objective assessment of compassion with specific domains that can be taught and tested across social networks and relationships. These findings indicate acceptable concurrent validity for the CLS-H-SF. The survey collected demographic characteristics, including age, education, and gender. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, et al. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 575600. This study also used measures that were employed to assess convergent and divergent validity in the original psychometric study of Chiesi et al. Compassionate Love for a Romantic Partner Across the Adult Life Span - PMC All statistical analyses were done with SPSS Inc. version 18. Book Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: A controlled clinical trial. van Dierendonck D, Patterson K. Compassionate love as a cornerstone of servant leadership: an integration of previous theorizing and research. A total of 839 volunteers completed questionnaires, however the data from 12 participants was removed, because Mahalanobis D2 values were greater than 4 [27]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 425438. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. Plante, T. G., Lackey, K., & Hwang, J. Y. Unpublished Masters thesis. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 611625. The compassionate love for humanity scale (CLS-H-SF): psychometric properties of the Persian version. The targets include strangers or all of humanity, close others, and a specific close other (e.g., a romantic partner). A sample of 827 adults (49.9% women and 51.1% men) completed the Persian version of the CLS-H-SF through an online survey. 2020;29:92733. -, Sprecher S, Fehr B. Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Methods: Boateng GO, Neilands TB, Frongillo EA, Melgar-Quionez HR, Young SL. ), The science of compassionate love: Theory, research, and applications (pp. Compassionate love toward close others is defined as an attitude toward close others that involves behavior, feeling, and thinking that is all focused on "caring, concern, tenderness, and an orientation toward supporting, helping, and understanding the others, particularly when the others are perceived to be suffering or in need (page 630)." Interpersonal attraction. Accessibility [30] recommendations. The results and recommendations from the pilot-test were used to improve the appearance, clarity and readability of the new instrument. This scale assesses compassion-ate, or altruistic love, among various targets. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd edn). The Compassion Scale needs to be administered to a much larger and diverse population for further evaluation of the effect of age and race on the level of compassion across social networks and relationships. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The factor loadings for the two-factor orthogonal solution are given in Table 4. Reliability was obtained using the testretest method (0.82) and Cronbach's alpha (0.87). observed Cronbach's alpha values of 0.88 for the positive affect aspect of the scale, and 0.87 for the negative affect aspect. University of Winnipeg. All the demographic variables were presented as percentages. As the ability to recognise another's distress or suffering, along with the motivation to help alleviate those issues, compassion is central to healthcare [3]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056439. compassionate love scale was developed that can be used, in alternative forms, to assess compassionate or altruistic love for different targets (e.g., close others and all of humankind). Brislin RW. What is compassion and how can we measure it? Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. PDF A revised short version of the compassionate love scale for humanity 2020;38:45971. The two source language documents can then be assessed for discrepancies and inconsistencies. Some comments on loves anatomy: Or whatever happened to old-fashioned lust? The SWLS ([26]is a 5-item measure that assesses life satisfaction on a 7-point Likert scale (1=Strongly disagree to 7=Strongly agree). I would rather suffer myself than see someone else (a stranger) suffer. Hwang, J., Plante, T., & Lackey, K. (2008). The exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the scale items using the principal components analysis (PCA). 2021;12:65971. Fehr, B. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. When I hear about a friend or family member going through a difficult time, I feel a great deal of compassion for him or her. Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Gilbert P. Compassion: from its evolution to a psychotherapy. How much of your future savings would you give away now to help a friend in need of financial help? Compassionate love in romantic relationships: A review and some new findings. Educational Gerontology, 38, 733741. It is easy for me to feel the pain (and joy) experienced by others, even though I do not know them. Not long afterwards, Hwang et al. The findings in this study indicated that the Persian CLS-H-SF was positively correlated with positive affect (r=0.18, p<0.05), self-esteem (r=0.15, p<0.05), and life satisfaction (r=0.17, p<0.05); and negatively correlated with negative affect (r=-0.13, p<0.05).
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