Effects of a soy-protein beverage on plasma lipoproteins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. However, in the vast majority of trials the reductions reported are much more modest. Maskarinec G., Morimoto Y., Novotny R., Nordt F.J., Stanczyk F.Z., Franke A.A. Urinary sex steroid excretion levels during a soy intervention among young girls: A pilot study. Although the low isoflavone intake among the soy-consumers (mean intake, 3.4 mg/day) in this study raises doubt about the plausibility of these findings, they do agree with animal data [381,382]. Yang B., Chen Y., Xu T., Yu Y., Huang T., Hu X., Li D. Systematic review and meta-analysis of soy products consumption in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Approximately 40 mg total isoflavones derived from whole soybeans provides the amount of genistein shown to be efficacious. The FDA established 25 g/day soy protein as the threshold intake for cholesterol reduction. There has been limited epidemiologic investigation of the relationship between soy intake and CVD. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Benefits of Soy Protein for Breast Growth, The Side Effects of High-Protein Powder in Women, National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine; Soy; July 2010, Frontiers in Bioscience; Phytotherapy as Alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy; MD Molla et al. Soy Protein is useful in bringing back a youthful and glowing radiance on your skin. Soy is healthy and." Vegan Nutrition Hub on Instagram: "Follow @fritz_horstmann Comment a below if you agree! Estrogens are female hormones made by women and, to a lesser extent, men. Weiderpass E., Adami H.O., Baron J.A., Magnusson C., Bergstrom R., Lindgren A., Correia N., Persson I. Equol production capability is associated with favorable vascular function in postmenopausal women using tibolone; no effect with soy supplementation. The PUFA is comprised of the omega-6 essential fatty acid linoleic acid and -linolenic acid, the essential omega-3 fatty acid. The health effects of soyfoods have been rigorously investigated for more than 25 years. Two meta-analyses, one published in 2011 [147] and the other in 2012 [148] found that soybean isoflavones improved endothelial function in postmenopausal women. As such, some people worry that soy promotes breast cancer or even affects male reproductive hormones (21). Concerns have arisen that because of their estrogen-like properties they may exert untoward effects in some individuals such as postmenopausal women. Lecithin is a food additive that comes from several sources one of them being soy. Meta-analyses show systolic and diastolic blood pressure is reduced by approximately 2.5 and 1.5 mmHg, respectively [128,143,144,145]. In the case of soy, there is an additional caveat; most animals, including rodents and non-human primates, metabolize isoflavones very differently than humans [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The soybean, like all foods, is a collection of many biologically active molecules [112]. In women, soyfoods appear to increase the length of the menstrual cycle although ovulation is not prevented it is simply delayed by one day [254]. Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Van der Velpen V., Hollman P.C., van Nielen M., Schouten E.G., Mensink M., Vant Veer P., Geelen A. Kjeldahl J. Li Y., Hruby A., Bernstein A.M., Ley S.H., Wang D.D., Chiuve S.E., Sampson L., Rexrode K.M., Rimm E.B., Willett W.C., et al. Kani A.H., Alavian S.M., Esmaillzadeh A., Adibi P., Azadbakht L. Effects of a novel therapeutic diet on liver enzymes and coagulating factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A parallel randomized trial. Accessibility Soyoligosaccharide increases fecal bifidobacteria counts, short-chain fatty acids, and fecal lipid concentrations in young Korean women. Omega-6 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Friend, not foe? Thornton M.J. Oestrogen functions in skin and skin appendages. Chen M., Rao Y., Zheng Y., Wei S., Li Y., Guo T., Yin P. Association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk for pre- and post-menopausal women: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: Combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. High-density lipoproteins: A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. Crude ProteinCombustion Method. The first trial to test this hypothesis was published more than two decades ago [302]. However, results from the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) have been cited as supporting the early intake hypothesis [240]. The effect of dietary soy supplementation compared to estrogen and placebo on menopausal symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. (1991) found that the fractional calcium absorption from cows milk was 0.377 compared with 0.310 and 0.414 for high- and low-phytate soybeans, respectively [51]. This figure was derived from estimates of the nitrogen content of protein (16%, resulting in 100/16 = 6.25) using a limited number of proteins, but has served as an effective proxy for determining protein concentration for many proteins. Ishiwata N., Melby M.K., Mizuno S., Watanabe S. New equol supplement for relieving menopausal symptoms: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Japanese women. Aso T. Equol improves menopausal symptoms in Japanese women. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Zhan S., Ho S.C. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. McGraw N.J., Krul E.S., Grunz-Borgmann E., Parrish A.R. Bitto A., Polito F., Atteritano M., Altavilla D., Mazzaferro S., Marini H., Adamo E.B., DAnna R., Granese R., Corrado F., et al. Unexpectedly, an early epidemiologic study that was designed to study heart disease, raised concern about soy adversely affecting cognition [311], a finding that was supported by more recent research from Indonesia [312]. $30. Bang M.H., Chio O.S., Kim W.K. Caan B.J., Natarajan L., Parker B., Gold E.B., Thomson C., Newman V., Rock C.L., Pu M., Al-Delaimy W., Pierce J.P. Soy food consumption and breast cancer prognosis. McCormack V.A., dos Santos Silva I., De Stavola B.L., Mohsen R., Leon D.A., Lithell H.O. Intervention studies involving prostate cancer patients generally show that isoflavone exposure slows the rise in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels [275,276,277,278]. Nechuta S.J., Caan B.J., Chen W.Y., Lu W., Chen Z., Kwan M.L., Flatt S.W., Zheng Y., Zheng W., Pierce J.P., et al. Page not found Instagram However, a recently published clinical study which employed novel methodology to assess bone calcium content not only supports the efficacy of isoflavones but provides a possible explanation for the disappointing results from the long-term trials [217]. Fanti P., Asmis R., Stephenson T.J., Sawaya B.P., Franke A.A. Can Postmenopausal Women Eat Soy Protein Powder? Zhang G.Q., Chen J.L., Liu Q., Zhang Y., Zeng H., Zhao Y. Soy intake is associated with lower endometrial cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mennella J.A., Griffin C.E., Beauchamp G.K. As recently articulated by Jarcho and Keaney (2015), data continue to support LDL-cholesterol lowering as a primary strategy to prevent CHD [114]. Borobudur revisited: Soy consumption may be associated with better recall in younger, but not in older, rural Indonesian elderly. Nevertheless, there exists some controversy about the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Does Soy Protein Increase Estrogen Levels? | livestrong According to limited epidemiologic data, this minor effect on menstrual cycle length could help to decrease breast cancer risk [378]. Pendleton J.M., Tan W.W., Anai S., Chang M., Hou W., Shiverick K.T., Rosser C.J. Baked goods. According to the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, daily soy intake may slightly improve LDL or bad cholesterol levels, which could reduce your heart disease risks. Nakajima N., Nozaki N., Ishihara K., Ishikawa A., Tsuji H. Analysis of isoflavone content in tempeh, a fermented soybean, and preparation of a new isoflavone-enriched tempeh. Understanding genistein in cancer: The good and the bad effects: A review. Also, evidence suggests that healthy behaviors during childhood and adolescence can affect the risk of developing certain chronic diseases later in life [352,353,354,355]. Drain a block of extra firm tofu, then pat it dry. New research shines a light on the effectiveness of intermittent fasting vs calorie counting for weight loss. Theyre then dehydrated and powdered. Effect of soy protein isolate supplementation on biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: A randomized trial. There are several areas in relation to the impact of soy intake that have been investigated to only a limited extent but that based upon preliminary results warrant additional research. Fang J., Foo S.H., Fung C., Wylie-Rosett J., Alderman M.H. Experimental details of prospective epidemiologic studies included evaluating the impact of post-diagnosis soy intake on breast cancer recurrence and survival 1. Nabavi S.F., Daglia M., Tundis R., Loizzo M.R., Sobarzo-Sanchez E., Orhan I.E., Nabavi S.M. Weaver C.M., Heaney R.P., Connor L., Martin B.R., Smith D.L., Nielsen E. Bioavailability of calcium from tofu vs. milk in premenopausal women. There are no formal recommendations for soy intake beyond the 25 g/day soy protein established by the US FDA as the threshold intake for cholesterol reduction. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. In this document isoflavone amounts are expressed in aglycone equivalent weights. (2006) found an isoflavone intervention (~70 mg/day) in postmenopausal women resulted in higher B cell populations which they interpreted as a heightened humoral response [107]. What Is Tofu? Soy Protein, Serving Size, When to Avoid - Verywell Health Furthermore, in contrast to the rise in circulating estrogen levels noted in one case [389], no effects on estrogen levels have been noted in numerous clinical studies in which men were exposed to as much as 150 mg/day isoflavones [391]. Some people have concerns about soy, particularly regarding compounds called antinutrients and phytoestrogens. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Soy is healthy and I highly encourage you implement it into your vegan diet! Fox M., Berzuini C., Knapp L.A. Breast differentiation and its implication in cancer prevention. Effects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Daidzein-rich isoflavone aglycones are potentially effective in reducing hot flashes in menopausal women. Isoflavones reduce arterial stiffness: A placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women. All rights reserved. Finally, Estrella et al. Effect of soy isoflavones on circulating C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. It may also promote inflammation and interfere with immune health (25, 26). However, considerable data suggest that for soy to reduce risk consumption must occur during childhood and/or adolescence [222,223,224,225,226,227,228]. Among them, soy protein isolate (SPI) is the most refined form, with a protein content >90% and improved digestibility [30]. Fleshner N.E., Kapusta L., Donnelly B., Tanguay S., Chin J., Hersey K., Farley A., Jansz K., Siemens D.R., Trpkov K., et al. The effect of soy phytoestrogen supplementation on thyroid status and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Estimation of dietary iron bioavailability from food iron intake and iron status. In tissues that possess estrogen receptors, SERMs exert estrogen-like effects in some cases but no effects or antiestrogenic effects in others. Divi R.L., Doerge D.R. This article compares animal and plant proteins. Huang M.H., Luetters C., Buckwalter G.J., Seeman T.E., Gold E.B., Sternfeld B., Greendale G.A. Another meta-analysis of 15 studies also tied dietary intake of tofu, soy protein, and soy isoflavones to a lower risk of this disease, though more research is needed (18). Examination of US puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: Panel findings. Biological values of soybean protein and mixed soybean-pork and soybean-egg proteins in human subjects. One such area is mental health and specifically depression. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Lamartiniere C.A., Moore J., Holland M., Barnes S. Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer. Health effects of soy protein and isoflavones in humans. Soy milk lowers blood pressure in men and women with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Recent support for this recommendation comes from a combined analysis of the Nurses' Health Study (study years, 1980 to 2010; n = 84,628) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (study years, 19862010; n = 42,908 men) which found that replacing 5% of energy intake from saturated fat with equivalent energy intake from PUFA, monounsaturated fat, or carbohydrates from whole grains was associated with a 25%, 15%, and 9% lower risk of CHD, respectively, whereas replacing saturated fat with carbohydrates from refined starches/added sugars was not protective [198]. Skin water-holding capacity and transdermal estrogen therapy for menopause: A pilot study. Messina M., Watanabe S., Setchell K.D. Soy isoflavone metabolism in cats compared with other species: Urinary metabolite concentrations and glucuronidation by liver microsomes. The ratio of these two fatty acids is approximately 78:1 but the range is from approximately 513:1 (Table 2). 22 Amazing Benefits Of Soy Protein For Health, Skin, And Hair However, the design weaknesses of each study limit the implications of the findings. Yum T., Lee S., Kim Y. Zhang X., Shu X.O., Li H., Yang G., Li Q., Gao Y.T., Zheng W. Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women. government site. Xiao C.W. Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction associated with soy product consumption. However, in recent years some have suggested that for soy protein a NCF of 5.71 should be used rather than 6.25 [24]. [(accessed on 12 June 2015)]. McPherson S.J., Hussain S., Balanathan P., Hedwards S.L., Niranjan B., Grant M., Chandrasiri U.P., Toivanen R., Wang Y., Taylor R.A., et al. If youre trying to lose weight, a high protein diet based on soy protein appears to be as effective as one based on animal proteins. Since that time this hypothesis has been hotly debated. There is concern that because of the presence of isoflavones soyfoods could increase risk of developing endometrial cancer and stimulate the growth of existing endometrial tumors. Its generally used as an emulsifier, or lubricant, when added to. Hwang Y.W., Kim S.Y., Jee S.H., Kim Y.N., Nam C.M. Effects of isoflavones on the decrease in hot flash frequency according to the genistein content of the supplement 1. Benkhedda K.B., Sinclair S.E., Marles R.J., Xiao C.W., Underhill L. Food risk analysis communication. Cobalamin 0%. Two trials noted extremely robust reductions in response to soy; one compared the effects of 25 g/day soy protein from soynuts with a diet containing a similar amount of protein in postmenopausal women [141] and the other compared the effects of one liter per day of soymilk with one liter of cows milk in men [142]. Curtis P.J., Potter J., Kroon P.A., Wilson P., Dhatariya K., Sampson M., Cassidy A. Vascular function and atherosclerosis progression after 1 y of flavonoid intake in statin-treated postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Teede H.J., Dalais F.S., Kotsopoulos D., Liang Y.L., Davis S., McGrath B.P. A common belief is that soy protein protects against breast cancer, which originates from Asian women who eat much higher levels of soy and have much lower rates of breast cancer, when compared to . The 5.71 factor that is being proposed originally came from the work of D.B. Another review found a statistically significant link between soy food intake and a lower risk of prostate cancer (12). The presence of monoiodinated derivates of daidzein and genistein in human urine and its effect on thyroid gland function. Equol does appear to offer health benefits over its precursor daidzein [82,83] in possibly several different areas but especially in the alleviation of hot flashes [84,85,86]. The Best Protein Powders for Women, According to a Nutritionist 8600 Rockville Pike However, this is a misconception as is the idea that plant proteins are inferior to animal proteins. Epidemiologic studies have found that both total and animal protein intake is associated with earlier menarche and the development of early pubertal characteristics [366,367]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Hamilton-Reeves J.M., Vazquez G., Duval S.J., Phipps W.R., Kurzer M.S., Messina M.J. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: Results of a meta-analysis. Although only very limited clinical research addressing this issue has been conducted the evidence suggests neither soy nor isoflavone intake affects endogenous hormone levels [361,362,363]. In contrast to the benefit of this dose, this eight-week trial found that a very low dose of isoflavones (12.5 mg/day) lacked efficacy. Try this today: Soy is an inexpensive, versatile source of protein whether or not you follow a plant-based diet. Lethaby A., Marjoribanks J., Kronenberg F., Roberts H., Eden J., Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Both soy and non-soy meal replacements resulted in an average weight loss of 17.2 pounds (7.8 kg) in older adults with abdominal obesity (33). Allred C.D., Allred K.F., Ju Y.H., Goeppinger T.S., Doerge D.R., Helferich W.G. In 2002, Setchell et al. Anderson J.W., Bush H.M. Soy protein effects on serum lipoproteins: A quality assessment and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled studies. The classification of isoflavones as phytoestrogens has led to investigation of the possible hormonal effects of soy consumption in children. Pisani P., Bray F., Parkin D.M. Cheng G., Wilczek B., Warner M., Gustafsson J.A., Landgren B.M. Heaney R.P., Weaver C.M., Fitzsimmons M.L. Available online: Eakin A., Kelsberg G., Safranek S. Clinical inquiry: Does high dietary soy intake affect a womans risk of primary or recurrent breast cancer? Sacks F.M., Lichtenstein A., Van Horn L., Harris W., Kris-Etherton P., Winston M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: An American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Soy protein concentrate (SPC) SPC is made by removing the sugars (a part of the soybeans carbohydrate) from de-hulled soybeans. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. How Is Soy Sauce Made and Is It Bad for You? So which is right? Here is the nutritional breakdown of 100 grams of soya chunks: Calories: 336. Although there has been recent controversy about the relationship between dietary fat and CHD [194,195] health agencies and organizations continue to recommend limiting saturated fat intake [196,197]. Systematic review, meta-analysis and regression of randomised controlled trials reporting an association between an intake of circa 25 g soya protein per day and blood cholesterol. Importantly, there is a growing recognition that diet affects mental health; in fact, a group of academics recently concluded that diet is as important to psychiatry as it is to cardiology, endocrinology, and gastroenterology [328]. Prediction of cardiovascular event risk reduction from lipid changes associated with high potency dyslipidemia therapy. The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women. Get Vital Proteins' signature collagen blend with added and lactose-free milk protein. Interestingly, a case report indicated that daily isoflavone supplementation for six months in the male partner of an infertile couple with initially low sperm count led to normalization of sperm quality and quantity [388]. According to the authorities, DHA algae oil is produced by fermenting . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results From the Womens Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. However, these types of studies are of doubtful relevance to understanding the effects of soyfoods in humans. Santesso N., Akl E.A., Bianchi M., Mente A., Mustafa R., Heels-Ansdell D., Schunemann H.J. Glycine soya diet synergistically enhances the suppressive effect of tamoxifen and inhibits tamoxifen-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor model. The estrogen-like effects of isoflavones provided a theoretical basis for concern that soyfoods adversely affect the prognosis of breast cancer patients. 2020;141 . Rodents and non-human primates have been referred to as equol machines because of their ability to so efficiently produce such large amounts of equol in response to daidzein exposure [9]. Teede H.J., McGrath B.P., DeSilva L., Cehun M., Fassoulakis A., Nestel P.J. A role for estrogen receptor beta in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate. Research shows it's really important to eat enough protein. Best for flavor options: Levels Grass-fed Whey Protein. Soukup S.T., Helppi J., Muller D.R., Zierau O., Watzl B., Vollmer G., Diel P., Bub A., Kulling S.E. However, in both cases the individuals were said to have consumed 360 mg/day isoflavones (~9-fold greater than the mean intake among older Japanese men) in the context of unbalanced and likely nutrient-deficient diets since soyfoods accounted for the vast majority of calories consumed. Soy protein isolate packs the most protein per serving, which makes sense because its processed to be a concentrated source of this nutrient. Soy's arginine content will also help to raise NO levels. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Soy Isoflavones-Carcinogenic or Anti-Cancer? Health Benefits of Soy Also, as noted previously, soy protein lowers LDL-cholesterol [118,123,124,125] and possibly blood pressure and isoflavones may improve arterial health [128,143,144,145]. Ravnskov U., DiNicolantonio J.J., Harcombe Z., Kummerow F.A., Okuyama H., Worm N. The questionable benefits of exchanging saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat. Adlercreutz H., Hamalainen E., Gorbach S., Goldin B. Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the menopause in Japan. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Morr C.V. Nitrogen conversion factors for several soybean protein products. Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-dependently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis of 10 observational studies (8 case-control, 2 prospective) found soy intake was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk with an overall risk estimate (RE) of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.91) [434]. A: Soy products are an increasingly popular item found in most local grocery stores. Sarkar F.H., Li Y. Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Zhou J., Yuan W.-J. More than 2000 soy-related peer-reviewed articles are published annually. 1 Adapted from reference [260]; 2 NA, not applicable. What Are the Benefits of Protein Powder for Women? | livestrong Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. Travis R.C., Allen N.E., Appleby P.N., Spencer E.A., Roddam A.W., Key T.J. A prospective study of vegetarianism and isoflavone intake in relation to breast cancer risk in British women. According to the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, daily soy intake may slightly improve LDL or bad cholesterol levels, which could reduce your heart disease risks. Fielden M.R., Samy S.M., Chou K.C., Zacharewski T.R. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) for soy protein isolates and concentrate: Criteria for evaluation. I've heard conflicting reports. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28. Boosts muscle growth. One study looking at the effects of dairy and soy on breast cancer risk associated high intakes of dairy but not soy with greater breast cancer risk (11). Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 20032006. Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammationCorrelation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Gender-specific associations between soy and risk of hip fracture in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Zhang X.M., Zhang Y.B., Chi M.H. Tang A.L., Walker K.Z., Wilcox G., Strauss B.J., Ashton J.F., Stojanovska L. Calcium absorption in Australian osteopenic post-menopausal women: An acute comparative study of fortified soymilk to cows milk. This finding provides at least a partial explanation for the inconsistent literature in that some studies included women with impaired endothelial function and others with normal function. Woo J., Lynn H., Lau W.Y., Leung J., Lau E., Wong S.Y., Kwok T. Nutrient intake and psychological health in an elderly Chinese population. First thing in the morning A fast-digesting protein like soy will give your body a source of aminos to burn, therefore sparing your muscles. Chavarro J.E., Toth T.L., Sadio S.M., Hauser R. Soy food and isoflavone intake in relation to semen quality parameters among men from an infertility clinic. While antinutrients, phytoestrogens, and genetic modification are common concerns regarding soy products, evidence shows that soy foods are largely safe. Fang N., Yu S., Badger T.M. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Often overlooked is that the AHA did not actually conduct a formal statistical analysis of the data. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is a well-established risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) [113]. Subclinical atherosclerosis can be assessed using ultrasound to measure the thickness of the carotid arteries. They include whole soybeans, tofu, tempeh, miso, natto, soy milk, and isolated soy protein powder. The macronutrient composition of the soybean differs markedly from other legumes as it is much higher in fat, moderately higher in protein and much lower in carbohydrate (Table 1) [10,11]. Large inter-individual variation in isoflavone plasma concentration limits use of isoflavone intake data for risk assessment. Anonymous. Onoda A., Ueno T., Uchiyama S., Hayashi S., Kato K., Wake N. Effects of S-equol and natural S-equol supplement (SE5-OH) on the growth of MCF-7 in vitro and as tumors implanted into ovariectomized athymic mice. Jin Y., Qu S., Tesikova M., Wang L., Kristian A., Maelandsmo G.M., Kong H., Zhang T., Jeronimo C., Teixeira M.R., et al. Individual cholesterol variation in response to a margarine- or butter- based diet: A study in families. Also, much of the soybean carbohydrate is comprised of oligosaccharides (predominately stachyose) [33,34,35,36], which, because they are poorly digested by intestinal enzymes, travel to the colon where they are able to stimulate the growth of bacteria such as bifidobacteria, that are considered to be advantageous to the host. When estrogen binds to its receptor, it can trigger certain cancer cells to grow. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Adolph W.H., Wan Y.-L. Manson J.E., Chlebowski R.T., Stefanick M.L., Aragaki A.K., Rossouw J.E., Prentice R.L., Anderson G., Howard B.V., Thomson C.A., LaCroix A.Z., et al. Isoflavone intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: Results from 3 prospective cohort studies. Two large Asian prospective epidemiologic studies found among women soy intake was associated with a one-third reduction in fracture risk [207,208]. Eng. In a 12-month study, 71 adults with overweight or obesity ate 3 servings of either soy or non-soy protein daily. Messina M., Redmond G. Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: A review of the relevant literature. Mishra P., Kar A., Kale R.K. Prepubertal daidzein exposure enhances mammary gland differentiation and regulates the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and apoptotic proteins. Murray-Kolb L.E., Welch R., Theil E.C., Beard J.L. The DIAAS value for soy protein will likely be somewhat lower than the PDCAAS value, as will be true for most proteins because the ileal digestibility of individual amino acids will be used as the measure of digestibility rather than fecal digestibility of the protein overall, but soy protein will still have a DIAAS of approximately 0.9 [13].
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