2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved In Lebanon, the tendency towards valorising and celebrating the longue dure of Middle Eastern history and memory is referred to by the generic term 'Phoenicianism'. Reply to discussions and create your own threads. )other alcohols: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Hitti wrote explicitly of this in his book The Syrians in America where he noted: With this [Phoenician-Canaanite] Semitic stock as a substratum the Syrians are a highly mixed race of whom some rightly trace their origin back to the Greek settlers and colonistsothers to the Frankish and other European Crusaders (Asher Kaufman, Reviving Phoenicia, p. 77) Yet, while Hitti remained dedicated to the idea of Lebanon as part of a larger Syria, Mokarzel slowly moved toward a Lebanist position by World War I. and our )-$2.995 billion (2020 est. What percentage of Lebanese are Phoenician? Since Lebanon is home to a large Christian populace by percentage, alcoholic drinks are widely made in Lebanon. "Even if the Middle East is in the news every day, it's still so rare to hear about religious minorities," Van Rompay said. )industry: 13.1% (2017 est. The ties that bind Arabs are ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historical, nationalist, geographical, political, often also relating to religion and to cultural identity. Or rather, what about Lebanon is distinct from other Arab nations that makes this view justifiable? We welcome your comments and suggestions! According to latest global estimations, 61% of Lebanons population identify as Muslim while 33.7% identify as Christian. On September 1, 1920 this project came to fruition when the French colonial authoritiesat the behest of the Maronite church and intellectuals, and to satisfy its own imperial interestscreated Le Grand Liban (Greater Lebanon). )from coal and metallurgical coke: 563,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. This article is authored by Dr. Akram Khater, Directorof the Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies and Khayrallah Distinguished Professor of Lebanese Diaspora Studies, and Professor of History at NC State. )industrial: 900 million cubic meters (2020 est. This region was subject to various foreign conquests for much of its history, including by the Romans, Arabs, and Ottomans. At least 30 percent of Lebanese, regardless of religion, have a genetic stamp that bears the mark of the Phoenicians, he told AFP. )1,507.5 (2017 est. )solar: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. )84.86% (2020 est. Population numbers The total Lebanese population is estimated at 8 to 18 million. Syriaas a distinct political and cultural spacewas first popularized during the 19th century by Jesuit missionaries in Mount Lebanon who established transformative educational establishments like the Oriental Seminary in the village of Ghazir, or the Universit Saint Joseph in Beirut (founded in 1875). This article attempts to provide some answers to the phenomenon of 'Phoenicianism' in Lebanon from its commencement to the formation of Greater Lebanon in 1920. The Phoenician culture was one of the most prevailing and widespread in the history of the Mediterranean basin. Beirut, Jun 27 (Prensa Latina) Lebanese actor, director and promoter Qassem Istanbouli on Tuesday celebrated the UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture for the promotion of peace, diversity and . ), potatoes, milk, tomatoes, apples, oranges, olives, wheat, cucumbers, poultry, lemons, banking, tourism, real estate and construction, food processing, wine, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating, 1.719 million (2021 est. . These groups include the Ammonites, Moabites, Israelites, and Phoenicians. - YouTube 0:00 / 19:51 Are Lebanese people considered Arabs or just Phoenicians? An estimated 5.5 million Syrians fled to neighbouring countries, including Turkey and Lebanon, after the outbreak of civil war in 2011 as well as attacks on civilians by the regime of Bashar al . We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners. This was perhaps best captured by Youssef al-Souda, a Lebanese migr in Egypteducated at the Universit Saint Joseph between 1900 and 1907. Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) are Arab and other Muslim Islamist mujahideen who came to Afghanistan during and following the SovietAfghan War to help fellow Muslims fight Soviets and pro-Soviet Afghans. The region became dry and the agricultural plains were abandoned. )beer: 0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Their persistence and changes over time are a warning against the hazards of assigning a single fixed identity to all those immigrants who came from Greater Syria. Rather, different groups adopted varying identities with some opting for being Christian-Lebanese, while others adopted a more secular Syrian label, and still others saw themselves as part of a larger Arab world. The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of what is now Lebanon shows that the area was inhabited from the Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) through the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age). derived from the Canaanite or Phoenician word "ber'ot," meaning "the wells" or "fountain," which referred to the site's accessible water table . Hani Bawardi carries this further by writing about the development of an Arab political consciousness in the 1930s especially with the establishment of the Arab National League which dedicated itself to rendering political, cultural, educational and economic service to the Arab countries. While certainly many members of the community remained aloof, the existence and persistence of this organization as an Arab diasporic entity is quite removed from the distinction that Mokarzel and Hitti stipulated between Syrian, Lebanese and Arab. (Ameen Rihani delivered an impassioned speech in 1937 about Palestine that you can listen to here. Chan School of Public Health, USA. Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria, total: 10,400 sq kmland: 10,230 sq kmwater: 170 sq km, total: 484 kmborder countries (2): Israel 81 km; Syria 403 km, Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows, narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains, highest point: Qornet es Saouda 3,088 mlowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 mmean elevation: 1,250 m, limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land, agricultural land: 63.3% (2018 est. We focus on everything Lebanese; the people and rich cultural diversity, the lush and vibrant nature, our world-renowned national cuisine and a history that stretches back to ancient Roman ruins and the birth of the Phoenician alphabet. But most Christians in neighboring Syria and Palestine do in fact consider themselves to be Arab Christians. Hewitt, Benmamoun on why theyre hopeful on making progress on changing campus culture. )refined petroleum consumption: 168,500 bbl/day (2019 est. "The problem we see today with the Arab Spring is the relationship between sect, ethnicity, and the nation," Khater said. Bringing you the latest news and showcasing Lebanon's hidden gems and trendiest spots. For obvious reasons, from the perspective of the keepers of Arabist orthodoxy Phoenicianism is deemed problematic, because it relegates "Arabness" to a period - rather than an essence . "Civilisations have evolved, but we have been here for centuries.". )exports of goods and services: 23.6% (2017 est. Mixing with the earlier inhabitants of the region, they produced the peoples that make up the Middle East today. Arabs comprise less than one-quarter of the world's 1.2 billion Muslims. Arab Americans, The first Arabs to immigrate in large numbers to the United States were Lebanese Christians in the 1880s (see Lebanese Americans ). "It's important to have some knowledge of the diversity of this region.". Proving history through science. Neighboring Syria has historically influenced Lebanon's foreign and domestic policies, and its military occupied Lebanon from 1976 until 2005. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Muslims believe he created the world in six days and sent prophets such as Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus, and lastly Muhammad, who called people to worship only him, rejecting idolatry and polytheism. In 1925 the Syrian Revolt broke out in the Syrian hinterlands against French colonial power. The study shows non-stop continuity as well as some mixture in the last 5000 years in Levantine history, from the ancient Canaanites to the present-day Lebanese people. Christianity in Lebanon has a long and continuous history. Ethnicity and nationality were meaningless to the great majority of them. "We can't deny our Arab identity," said the 22-year-old. Recent DNA studies have porven that the majority of modern day Lebanese are not Arab but of Phoenician ancestry, especially those Lebanese of Maronite backgr. From current events to entertainment, we have it all. ), total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est. )$78.041 billion (2020 est. Arab, A person who speaks Arabic as a first language and self-identifies as Arab. This study allowed them to begin reconstructing a genetic history of the Levantine people. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In the Middle East, the modern concept of a nation is a colonial fruit of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth.' ), improved: urban: NArural: NAtotal: 100% of populationunimproved: urban: NArural: NAtotal: 0% of population (2020 est. Mokarzel used al-Hoda as a platform to proclaim that the Syrians were part of the white race different from Arabs and Turks, and thus not subject to these emerging restrictions. Is Phoenician Arab? To many outsiders who don't understand the region, the Middle East is a monolith centered around a homogenous Islamic culture. Learn how your comment data is processed. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. He argued, like Hitti, that their Phoenician roots made them part of European culture. ), revenues: $11.061 billion (2019 est. Historian Boutros Labaki argues that while the Lebanese today agree on the fact they are Lebanese, they differ as to whether they share a common identity. Acting on this belief, he traveled after World War I to the Peace Conference in Versailles (France) to agitate for an independent Lebanon. For example, Lebanese Sunnis are closer to Lebanese Christians than to Saudi Sunnis. Create a website or blog at WordPress.com. Archived post. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. Position note: data are in current year dollars$15.206 billion (2020 est.) Every place on which the sole of your foot treads shall be yours; your territory shall be from the wilderness and Lebanon and from the River, the river Euphrates, to the western sea. The Lebanese are a part of this world, no different than any other part. ), urban population: 89.4% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: -1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. The ones who think they're "Arab" better get used to their not living on the peninsula. History of Lebanon Phoenicia Origins and relations with Egypt. Whats interesting is that they also found Eurasian ancestry in the Lebanese people which was not present during the Bronze Age or earlier Levantines. This implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the Bronze Age (so for at least 6000 years). Lecture attendee Kelly Jarrett, who directs the Middle East in Global Contexts FOCUS cluster for first-year students, said Khater's lecture is one of many that the students enrolled in the cluster were encouraged to attend. (LogOut/ A 2012 study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, found that Lebanons population is estimated to be 59.8% Muslim (28.4% Shia; 31.4% Sunni), 5.72% Druze, 33.2% Christian (22.52% Maronite, 8.15% Greek Orthodox, Melkite, 3.62% ). This suggests that people from the highly differentiated urban culture on the Levant coast and inland people with different modes of subsistence were still genetically similar. )$17,200 (2019 est. ), total population: 79 yearsmale: 77.6 yearsfemale: 80.46 years (2023 est. ), household consumption: 87.6% (2017 est. )imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Thus, upon entrance into the US, immigrants acquired a different and larger identitySyrianthan the ones they had left with. Welcome to Religious Forums, a friendly forum to discuss all religions in a friendly surrounding. "You can be Muslim or Christian and carry a Phoenician signature," said Pierre Zalloua, a Lebanese scientist who has carried out research to trace the genetic origin of Middle Eastern peoples. Estimates of the volunteers number are 20,000 to 35,000. note: data are in current year dollars$18.208 billion (2019 est. "It was very surprising to find that after thousands of. Suga Doodles 2.45K subscribers Subscribe Share 4.7K. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Duke Today is produced jointly by University Communications and the Office of Communication Services (OCS). Access to private conversations with other members. Lebanese people are not Arab, they are PHOENICIAN. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. An article in the Lebanese constitution drafted in 1943 stipulated that Lebanon was a country with an "Arab face". "The Phoenicians lived before monotheistic religions and geopolitical divisions," said Zalloua, whose research has been published in the American Journal of Human Genetics and Annals of Human Genetics. ), 25.838 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. ), 146.8% of GDP (2017 est. "We try to have students make connections between what they learn in class and everything else going on in the world," Jarrett said. For more information, please see our The term Middle East has led to some confusion over its changing definitions. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? 1 Young Phoenicians, Old Lebanese. ), general assessment: Lebanons economic crisis has had a dire effect on the countrys telecom services; although some progress has been made with developing 5G, the poor economic conditions have contributed to an erratic electricity supply and a lack of fuel to maintain generators; this has meant that internet services to areas of the country are not available on a regular basis, frustrating all those who depend on stable connectivity, and stalling business growth; adding to the difficulties are the combined stresses of the pandemic and the political crisis; a caretaker cabinet in September 2021 made way for a new government though there is little confidence on the ground that sectarian-based political horse-trading will give way to responsible governing to improve the lot of the stressed populace (2022)domestic: fixed-line is 16 per 100 and 77 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)international: country code - 961; landing points for the IMEWE, BERYTAR AND CADMOS submarine cable links to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019), 7 TV stations, 1 of which is state owned; more than 30 radio stations, 1 of which is state owned; satellite and cable TV services available; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible through partner stations (2019), total: 4.872 million (2021 est. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. )lyrics/music: Rachid NAKHLE/Wadih SABRAnote: adopted 1927; chosen following a nationwide competition, total World Heritage Sites: 5 (all cultural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Anjar; Baalbek; Byblos; Tyre; Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab), upper middle-income Middle Eastern economy; economic activity hurt by economic depression, COVID-19, and port explosion; hyperinflation and sharp poverty increases; banks have ceased lending; new financing facility helping with recovery, $72.577 billion (2021 est. ), women married by age 15: 1.4%women married by age 18: 6% (2016 est. ), -0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est. ), total subscriptions: 880,000 (2021 est. Canaanites are ancestral to Lebanese from all religions. [43] Lebanon [nb 1] [1] [1] [61] The newly created nation-state began to formally recognize Levantine immigrants in the U.S. and beyond as Lebanese citizens. "Thus, the notion of a nation-state [or a country governed by one ethnic or religious group] in the Middle East is itself a crisis.". The Phoenicians were an intrepid seafaring people and tradesmen largely credited with creating the first widely used alphabet. So we cant say that Christians are Phoenicians and Muslims are Arabs. In certain Lebanese circles, however you still hear the following variation: "I'm not Arab, I'm Phoenician." By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. His earlier article focused on Lebanese-Americans in WWI. They found similarities in the genes. )investment in inventories: 0.5% (2017 est. Lebanon offers plenty: from ancient Roman ruins, to well-preserved castles, limestone caves, historic Churches and Mosques, beautiful beaches nestled in the Mediterranean Sea, world-renowned Lebanese cuisine, nonstop nightlife and discothques, to mountainous ski resorts. At least 30 percent of Lebanese, regardless of religion, have a genetic "stamp" that bears the mark of the Phoenicians, he told AFP. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Their sense of self was located within villages and towns like Homs, Bayt Meri, Bethlehem, or Rashaya, and distilled through their experiences of family and religion. The country's 1975-90 civil war, which resulted in an estimated 120,000 fatalities, was followed by years of social and political instability. The Phoenicians were a Semitic-speaking people of somewhat unknown origin who emerged in the Levant around 3000 BC. It may not display this or other websites correctly. )4.6% of GDP (2017 est. Therefore, pork is absent in Lebanese cuisine. From it the French demarcated the region of Lebanon in 1920, and it gained independence in 1943. The Muslim population is somewhat evenly split between followers of Sunni (30.6%) and Shia (30.5%) denominations, with smaller numbers of those belonging to Alawite and Ismaili sects. Leanora Minai of OCS is the editor of the 'Working@Duke' edition. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 6 (2020 est. Lebanese share over 90 percent of their genetic ancestry with 3,700-year-old inhabitants of Saida. Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia are all quite wet, and alcohol is available in restaurants, bars and shops. As community organizations and publications proliferated and gave ethnic substance to these migratory individuals and families, the term Syrian became more common. )imports: 268,000 metric tons (2020 est. Inhabited as early as 9000 BCE, Baalbek grew into an important pilgrimage site in the ancient world for the worship of the sky-god Baal and his consort Astarte, the Queen of Heaven in Phoenician religion (the name 'Baalbek' means Lord Baal of the Beqaa Valley). Phoenicianism is a form of Lebanese nationalism, especially popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. While both spoke Arabic and were Semites, and many Arabs lived in Syria, the Syrians were defined as predominantly Christian and were descendants of the Phoenicians. What percentage of Lebanese are Phoenician? )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2014 est. The ancient Phoenicians traversed the seas as early as 1200 BC, passing through what are today Lebanon, Spain and Morocco via Cyprus and Carthage, a thriving city which they founded in modern-day Tunisia. Phoenician or Arab, Lebanese or Syrian: Who were the early immigrants to America? Generations were brainwashed to think the Lebanese were a Phoenician people who had nothing in common with their Arab brethren. I am not judging but merely curious: why do some Lebanese believe themselves not to be Arab? For more information, please see our The country where East meets West, bordered by the beautiful Mediterranean sea and home to grand green Cedar forests and high snow covered mountains. Since ancient times, the Middle East has attracted migrating peoples. "Young Phoenicians" & the Quest for a Lebanese Language 113 jeunesse Catholique (1929) and the Cnacle libanais (1946). Introduction. These men, women and children, peasants and tradesmen, factory workers, teachers and merchants came from across Greater Syria, an Ottoman province that today encompasses Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine/Israel. Between the 1870s and the 1930s some 120,000 immigrants left the Eastern Mediterranean and traveled to the U.S., with another 220,000 departing for Central and South America and landing in destinations like Argentina and Brazil. Rather, until 1899 these company employees and state functionaries jotted down Turkey in Asia in their registers next to the migrants name, and after 1900 replaced it with Syria for most entries while keeping the earlier term in some cases. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. Reddit, Inc. 2023. Our modern chat room. ), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2023 est. Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. Are Iranians Arabs? )transmission/distribution losses: 2.219 billion kWh (2019 est. Is Lebanon a Islamic country? Yes. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. I have noticed that far more frequently than other Arab nations, people from Lebanon say they are not Arab. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Gift Article. The territory of the Phoenicians extended and shrank throughout history, with the core of their culture stretching from Arwad in modern Syria to Mount Carmel in modern Israel. Dubbed "Phoenician" by the Greeks for being "purple people" as workers were often splattered with the dye, their actual name was the "Canaanites". 4 min read Home Magazine The latest study led by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in England and in collaboration with universities from around the world, including Lebanon, Switzerland, and New Zealand, proves that most of the Lebanese ancestry is Phoenician. )carbon dioxide emissions: 24.8 megatons (2016 est. )note: data cover central government debt and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, -$2.985 billion (2021 est. and our ), the majority of the people live on or near the Mediterranean coast, and of these most live in and around the capital, Beirut; favorable growing conditions in the Bekaa Valley, on the southeastern side of the Lebanon Mountains, have attracted farmers and thus the area exhibits a smaller population density, smallest country in continental Asia; Nahr el Litani is the only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, and ethnicity, noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)adjective: Lebanese, Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians. )investment in fixed capital: 21.8% (2017 est. In 1911 the Immigration Commission of the House published a Dictionary of Races or Peoples wherein the Syrian was identified as a native Aramaic race of Syria and distinct from Arabs. Arabic (official), French, English, Armenianmajor-language sample(s): (Arabic)The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. Scan this QR code to download the app now. Locked post. ), deforestation; soil deterioration, erosion; desertification; species loss; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills; waste-water management, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation, widespread lack of access: due to the ongoing financial and economic crisis - in September 2021, the United Nations estimated that, taking into account multiple factors other than income, such as access to health, education and public utilities, 82% of the population lives in multidimensional poverty in 2021, up from 42% in 2019 (2022), particulate matter emissions: 30.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. This supports previous reports that different cultural groups who inhabited the Levant during the Bronze age each achieved their own cultural identities but all shared common genetic and ethnic roots with the Canaanites. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. As a result, their origin and relationship to ancient and present-day populations remain unclear. JavaScript is disabled. )biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. "It was very surprising to find that after thousands of years there are still so many traces of Phoenician genes," added Zalloua, who collects DNA samples to trace genealogy. Speaking on "Phoenician, Lebanese or Arab: Crafting a Christian Identity in the Middle East" at the John Hope Franklin Center, North Carolina State history professor Akram Khater focused on his native Lebanon and how the many shades of religious, ethnic and civic identity there affected the country's history and its 1975 civil war and today continue to shape the current uprisings in the region. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Lammens popularized the idea of Mount Lebanon as a refuge for oppressed Christian minorities in his iconic book La Syrie: Prcis Historique (Syria: A Historical Summary). )5.1% of GDP (2018 est. ), $13,000 (2021 est. Muslim 67.8% (31.9% Sunni, 31.2% Shia, smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 32.4% (Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 4.5%, very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus (2020 est. )1,507.5 (2020 est. Even Syrian President Bashar Assad quipped in an interview recently that he was surprised that some Lebanese still refer to themselves as Phoenicians. This article is authored by Dr. Akram Khater, Director of the Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies and Khayrallah Distinguished Professor of Lebanese Diaspora Studies, and Professor of History at NC State. But even these were never set positions as later generationsfacing different political circumstances than their forbearers driven by the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, U.S. military involvement in the Middle East, and the rise of Islamist politicschanged how they saw and represented themselves in Amirka.. Fitch rating: RD (2020)Moody's rating: C (2020)Standard & Poors rating: D (2020)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Persian and Arab histories only merge in the 7th century with the Islamic conquest of Persia. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,981,937 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 56.57 million (2018) mt-km, 5note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the typical length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.), 3note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control, total: 401 km (2017)standard gauge: 319 km (2017) 1.435-m gaugenarrow gauge: 82 km (2017) 1.050-m gaugenote: rail system is still unusable due to damage sustained from fighting in the 1980s and in 2006, total: 49by type: bulk carrier 2, general cargo 32, oil tanker 1, other 14 (2022), major seaport(s): Beirut, Tripolicontainer port(s) (TEUs): Beirut (1,229,100) (2019), Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army Command (includes Presidential Guard Brigade, Land Border Regiments), Naval Forces, Air Forces; Ministry of Interior: Internal Security Forces Directorate (law enforcement; includes Mobile Gendarmerie), Directorate for General Security (DGS; border control, some domestic security duties); Parliamentary Police Force (2023)note 1: the commander of the LAF is also the commander of the Army; the LAF patrols external borders, while official border checkpoints are under the authority of Directorate for General Securitynote 2: the Parliamentary Police Force reports to the speaker of parliament and has responsibility for protecting parliament premises and the speakers residence; both the Internal Security Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces provide units to the Parliamentary Police Force, 3.2% of GDP (2021 est.
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